Bullard said that despite aggressive actions by the Fed this year the current target policy rate of between 3.75% and 4% remains below the "sufficiently restrictive" level the Fed feels is needed to lower inflation to its 2% target.
In a graphic presented for discussion at an economic event in Louisville, Bullard showed that using even "dovish" assumptions, a basic monetary policy rule would require rates to rise to at least around 5%, while stricter assumptions would recommend rates above 7%.
That entire range could fall if inflation declines more rapidly than expected, Bullard said, noting that "market expectations are for declining inflation in 2023."
However "caution is warranted," he said, since the investors and Fed officials "have been predicting declining inflation just around the corner for the past 18 months."
"While the policy rate has increased substantially this year, it has not yet reached a level that could be justified as sufficiently restrictive, according to this analysis, even with the generous assumptions,” Bullard said.