The mission, known as DART, or the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, will attempt a method of planetary defense that could save Earth from an asteroid on a potential collision course with the planet.
On Monday, the spacecraft will crash into Dimorphos at a blistering speed of around 4 miles per second, or 15,000 mph.
Ground-based telescopes will be used to time Dimorphos' orbit and determine whether the mission was a success.
The Applied Physics Lab built and manages the $325 million DART mission for NASA.
Even if the DART mission fails, scientists will learn a lot from the experiment, said Andrea Riley, a program executive in NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office.