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☆ Where This Summer Was Relentlessly Hot
▼ + stars: | 2023-10-09 | by ( Zach Levitt | Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +5 min

Where This Summer Was Relentlessly Hot The planet just experienced its hottest months on record, and by a large margin, scientists said. Some areas, including northern Canada and some of Greenland, show temperatures more than 6 degrees Fahrenheit (3.3 degrees Celsius) above average. Phoenix, which is known for its extreme heat, shows temperatures more than 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) above average. The global map spins to South America, where average daily temperatures were higher than normal for much of the continent. Areas of Sudan and Ethiopia show temperatures greater than 6 degrees Fahrenheit (3.3 degrees Celsius) higher than normal.

Organizations: Phoenix, El, Democratic Locations: North America, Canada, Mexico, Greenland, United States, El Paso, Texas, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, La, Chilean, America, Paraguay, Europe, Croatia, Switzerland, Marseille, France, Spain, Romania, Africa, Sudan, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, East, Ethiopia, China, Turpan, Mongolia

Mapping Air and Ground Attacks in Israel and GazaIsrael and Hamas declared they were at war on Saturday after Hamas militants launched one of the largest assaults on Israel in 50 years. Where Hamas militants infiltrated Israel towns, and where Israel struck GazaHamas fired thousands of rockets toward Israeli cities, and Palestinian militants crossed into southern Israel, killing civilians and holding Israelis hostage. Israel’s emergency service, Magen David Adom, said it had received reports of Hamas rockets landing as far north as Tel Aviv. Plumes of flames and smoke rose above Gaza City as Israel retaliated, reducing multistory buildings to rubble. Soliman HijjyThe streets of Gaza City were largely empty as residents prepared for intensified Israeli airstrikes.

Persons: Israel, Daniel Hagari, Magen David Adom, Tamir Kalifa, Admiral Hagari Organizations: Hamas, Gaza, The New York Times Locations: Israel, Gaza Israel, Gaza, Tel Aviv, Sderot, Kfar Azza, Ashkelon, Ofakim, Gaza City, Egypt

Mapping the Damage from the Earthquake in MoroccoAn earthquake, which had a magnitude of at least 6.8, struck Morocco on Friday night, killing more than 1,000 people and devastating a region where many vulnerable buildings were unable to withstand the shaking. Shake intensity Very strong Moderate Fes Rabat Meknes Casablanca Safi MOROCCO Marrakesh Essaouira Epicenter Ouarzazate Agadir MOROCCO ALGERIA Shake intensity Very strong Moderate Rabat Casablanca MOROCCO Safi Marrakesh Essaouira Epicenter Ouarzazate Agadir MOROCCO ALGERIA Fes Rabat Shake intensity Meknes Very strong Moderate Casablanca Safi MOROCCO Marrakesh Essaouira Epicenter Ouarzazate Agadir MOROCCO ALGERIA Sources: U.S. Geological Survey (earthquake intensity); WorldPop (population data)The epicenter was about 35 miles west of Oukaimeden, a popular ski resort in the High Atlas Mountains, according to the United States Geological Survey. Rubble filled alleyways in Marrakesh, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and houses were flattened in villages in the countryside. About 3 million more people experienced moderate shaking. Fadel Senna/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesAlthough much of southern Morocco, where the quake struck, is rural, the region’s cities and towns are often very densely populated.

Persons: Fadel Senna Organizations: Rabat, . Geological Survey, United States Geological Survey, UNESCO, New York Times, U.S . Geological Survey, MOROCCO MOROCCO Oulad, Agence France Locations: Morocco, Fes Rabat Meknes Casablanca, MOROCCO Marrakesh, Agadir MOROCCO ALGERIA, Rabat Casablanca MOROCCO Safi Marrakesh, Agadir MOROCCO ALGERIA Fes Rabat, Meknes, Casablanca Safi MOROCCO Marrakesh, Oukaimeden, Marrakesh, U.S, WorldPop, Ourir, MOROCCO MOROCCO, MOROCCO MOROCCO Oulad Berhil, MOROCCO, Moroccan

Which Candidates Got the Most Speaking Time in the Republican DebateEight candidates took the stage in Milwaukee for the first Republican presidential debate. We tracked how long they talked, the topics they discussed, and how often they were attacked by their opponents. Who got the most speaking timeWhich subjects were discussed the most + Show all

Persons: Who Organizations: Republican Locations: Milwaukee

Here is what Lahaina looked like less than a year ago, a vibrant and popular destination for tourists and home to treasured artifacts of the town’s history. In an analysis of satellite imagery, The Times identified about 1,900 structures that had been visibly damaged or destroyed by the blaze. A brush fire was first spotted on Tuesday in an area near Lahaina Intermediate School. It also destroyed a temple and a pagoda at Lahaina Jodo Mission. Nearby, one of Lahaina’s most cherished landmarks, a 150-year-old banyan tree, was badly scarred by the wildfires, but still standing.

Persons: Dora, Hara Organizations: Times, Lahaina Intermediate School, New York Times Locations: Maui, Hawaii, Lahaina, Lahaina Jodo

Map: See Where the Hawaii Wildfires Spread in MauiKaanapali Hawaii Area of detail Approximate area of fires detected through Thursday MAUI Lahaina Launiupoko Hawaii Kaanapali Area of detail Lahaina MAUI Approximate area of fires detected through Thursday Launiupoko Source: New York Times analysis of NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System data Note: Darker areas indicate a higher confidence of fire activity. Wind-fueled wildfires that tore through the island of Maui in Hawaii on Tuesday and Wednesday have claimed at least 36 lives, forced the evacuation of thousands and decimated Lahaina, a historic tourist town. June 25 Aug. 9 Maxar TechnologiesTourists flock to Hawaii in large part for its tropical landscape and lush forests, but the state has also become increasingly vulnerable to wildfires. The area burned annually by wildfires in Hawaii has quadrupled in recent decades. Invasive grasses that are highly flammable have taken over native vegetation in some areas, and climate change has exacerbated dry and hot conditions that have allowed many wildfires to spread more quickly.

Organizations: New York Times, NASA, Resource Management, Maxar Technologies, U.S . Drought Locations: Hawaii, Maui Kaanapali Hawaii, Lahaina Launiupoko Hawaii Kaanapali, Lahaina MAUI, Maui, Lahaina, Maui County

☆ What This Year’s ‘Astonishing’ Ocean Heat Means for the Planet
▼ + stars: | 2023-08-03 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +7 min

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly on July 31, 2023 –6°F 0° +6° +9° Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly on July 31, 2023 –6°F 0° +6° +9°What This Year’s ‘Astonishing’ Ocean Heat Means for the PlanetBrutal heat waves have baked the world this summer and they haven’t been contained to land. Note: Average sea surface temperatures for ocean areas between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south latitude are shown. The planet’s average sea surface temperature spiked to a record high in April and the ocean has remained exceptionally warm ever since. Some have suggested that international rules aimed at reducing air pollution from maritime shipping could have inadvertently increased ocean warming. Warmer ocean temperatures also provide more fodder for tropical cyclones and atmospheric river storms.

Persons: Jan, ”, Gregory Johnson, El, Michelle L’Heureux, Zeke Hausfather, Hausfather, El Niño, von Schuckmann, Dr, Johnson Organizations: Mar, University of Maine, National Oceanic, Atmospheric Administration, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Locations: Atlantic, Florida, Berkeley, Tonga

Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, and yet the vast majority have not been mapped or explored. And man-made climate change is to blame. In today’s newsletter we’ll take a deep dive into what’s happening, with help from our colleagues. ‘Astonishing’ heatThe average temperature of the world’s oceans spiked to 70 degrees Fahrenheit in April, and it’s nearly back to that level once again. (She also made all of the graphics in today’s newsletter.)

Persons: it’s, Elena Shao Locations: Atlantic, Florida, Antarctica

Tracking Heat Across the WorldAn onslaught of heat waves is gripping parts of the Northern Hemisphere, as some cities face dangerously high temperatures. Where Tuesday’s maximum temperature forecasts were extremely high 70 °F 80 °F 90 °F 100 °F 110 °F 120 °F AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA Source: Climate Reanalyzer, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, using data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast SystemIn Europe, much of Italy is engulfed by the heat, with temperatures expected to reach 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 Celsius) in the central and southern part of the country. Soaring temperatures and strong winds have fueled wildfires in seaside towns in Greece, the Canary Islands and a coastal village in Croatia. Where Tuesday’s forecast temperatures were warmer than normal Degrees warmer or cooler than the 1979-2000 average for July 18 +0 °F +5 °F +10 °F +15 °F AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA N. AMERICA ASIA EUROPE S. AMERICA AUSTRALIA Source: Climate Reanalyzer, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, using data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast SystemLast month was Earth’s warmest June on record, according to researchers at the World Meteorological Organization, and scientists have said that the first two weeks of July have been the hottest since at least 1940. Hot surface air temperatures have been accompanied by marine heat waves, too.

Persons: El Organizations: Northern, AMERICA, Change Institute, University of Maine, National Centers for, World Meteorological Organization Locations: AFRICA, AMERICA ASIA EUROPE, AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA, Italy, Greece, Croatia, China, United States, California, Arizona , Texas, Waters, Florida, Caribbean

Florida’s coral reefs are facing what could be an unprecedented threat from a marine heat wave that is warming the Gulf of Mexico, pushing water temperatures into the 90s Fahrenheit. The biggest concern for coral isn’t just the current sea surface temperatures in the Florida Keys, even though they are the hottest on record. The daily average surface temperature off the Keys on Monday was just over 90 degrees Fahrenheit, or 32.4 Celsius, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Corals typically experience the most heat stress in August and September. “We’re entering uncharted territories,” Derek Manzello, an ecologist and the coordinator of NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch program, said.

Persons: “, Derek Manzello Organizations: National Oceanic, Atmospheric Administration, Reef Watch Locations: of Mexico, Florida

☆ Here’s How Much Hotter Than Normal This June Has Been
▼ + stars: | 2023-06-13 | by ( Elena Shao | Raymond Zhong | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +4 min

64° F June 11, 2023 62° 2022 60° 1979-2021 58° Global Daily Average Air Temperatures 56° 54° 52° 50° Jan. 1 Mar. “We’re putting heat into the system — through climate change, through the greenhouse effect — and that heat is going to manifest. NOAA last month said there was a 40 percent chance that this year’s hurricane season would be near normal. But it also assigned 30 percent probabilities to the season’s being above or below normal. There’s another factor that could also have made the world hotter recently, though it’s not clear how much.

Persons: ” Rick Spinrad, “, Spinrad, El Niño, it’s, Daniel L, Swain, Dr, ” Organizations: University of Maine, National Centers for, National Oceanic, Atmospheric Administration, NOAA, University of California Locations: Canada, United States, Siberia, Antarctica, El, Pacific, Tonga, Los Angeles

☆ The Grand Canyon, a Cathedral to Time, Is Losing Its River
▼ + stars: | 2023-06-06 | by ( Raymond Zhong | Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +19 min

And yet, the Grand Canyon remains yoked to the present in one key respect. The Colorado River, whose wild energy incised the canyon over millions of years, is in crisis. Down beneath the tourist lodges and shops selling keychains and incense, past windswept arroyos and brown valleys speckled with agave, juniper and sagebrush, the rocks of the Grand Canyon seem untethered from time. The Grand Canyon is a planetary spectacle like none other — one that also happens to host a river that 40 million people rely on for water and power. At Mile 0 of the Grand Canyon, the river is running at around 7,000 cubic feet per second, rising toward 9,000 — not the lowest flows on record, but far from the highest.

Persons: windswept, Davis, John Weisheit, ”, “, Mead Hoover, Powell, Daniel Ostrowski, Victor R, Baker, . Baker, Lake Powell, Dr, Ed Keable, wouldn’t, Jack Schmidt, Schmidt, ’, Alma Wilcox, “ There’s, we’ve, Nicholas Pinter Organizations: Rockies, York Times, University of California, Utah Glen, Lake, Mead, Recreation, Hualapai, CALIF, ARIZ . Utah Glen, Lake Mead, Area, Forest Utah, Engineers, University of Arizona, of Reclamation, National Park Service, Center, Colorado River Studies, Utah State University Locations: Colorado, The Colorado, North America, Utah, Powell, Lake Mead, Arizona, . UTAH COLO, N.M, ARIZ . Utah, Mead, NEV . UTAH COLO, Glen, ARIZ, Hopi, Nevada, Lake Powell, Arizona , California , Nevada, Mexico, Davis, Little Colorado, tamarisk, gesturing

☆ The Colorado River Is Shrinking. See What’s Using All the Water.
▼ + stars: | 2023-05-22 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +6 min

This week, the states that rely on water from the Colorado River reached a temporary deal with the Biden administration on sharing what’s left. Within agriculture, livestock feed is the largest water user, at 55 percent. A limited resourceThe Colorado River system stretches across seven states in the Southwest and Mexico, and a complicated set of decades-old laws determines who gets water from the river, and how much. “But that’s not the reality.”The chart above captures both river water and groundwater withdrawals, but river water makes up the vast majority (about 87 percent) of water use in the basin, according to the study’s authors. About that alfalfaThirty-seven percent of the water used in the Colorado River basin goes toward growing alfalfa and hay used largely to feed dairy cattle.

☆ El Niño, Global Weather Pattern Tied to Intense Heat, Is Expected by Fall
▼ + stars: | 2023-05-03 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: 1 min

Forecasters from the World Meteorological Organization are reporting increased chances that the global climate pattern known as El Niño will arrive by the end of summer. With it comes increased chances for hotter-than-normal temperatures in 2024. While there is not yet a clear picture of how strong the El Niño event will be or how long it might last, even a relatively mild one could affect precipitation and temperature patterns around the world. “The development of an El Niño will most likely lead to a new spike in global heating and increase the chance of breaking temperature records,” said Petteri Taalas, the secretary general of the meteorological organization, in a news release.

☆ Those Seaweed Blobs Headed for Florida? See How Big They Are.
▼ + stars: | 2023-04-19 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +6 min

Scientists say they spotted more than 13 million tons of Sargassum, a yellowish-brown seaweed, drifting in the Atlantic Ocean last month — a record for the month of March. NORTH AMERICA March 2023 Atlantic Ocean The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt grew to an estimated 13.5 million metric tons of seaweed this spring. Tangles of the goopy, leafy seaweed have already begun to wash ashore beaches in southern Florida and Mexico. Floating mats of seaweed accumulate in the central Atlantic Ocean for much of the year. But during the spring and summer, patches of it are carried by ocean currents toward the Caribbean, eastern Florida and elsewhere along the Gulf Coast.

☆ How Unusual Was This Winter’s Snowfall Across the U.S.?
▼ + stars: | 2023-04-12 | by ( Zach Levitt | Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +9 min

Boston New York City 120 inches 120 80 80 Previous years since 2003 40 40 This year Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr. Philadelphia Washington, D.C. 120 120 80 80 40 40 Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr. Boston 100 inches Previous years since 2003 80 60 40 20 This year Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.

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☆ Mapping California’s ‘Zombie’ Forests
▼ + stars: | 2023-03-06 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +8 min

NEVADA Sacramento Stable conifer forests San Francisco Mismatch Less than five percent of conifer forests historically occurred in current climate. Sacramento Stable conifer forests Mismatch San Francisco Less than five percent of conifer forests historically occurred in current climate. San Jose Fresno CALIFORNIA Pacific Ocean NEVADA Bakersfield Area of detail CALIF. 50 MILES Reno NEVADA Sacramento Severe mismatch Stable conifer forests Less than one percent of conifer forests historically occurred in current climate. Note: The data looks at changes in conifer forests across the Sierra Nevada between the 1930s and the 2010s. They found that during that time period, the Sierra Nevada’s conifer forests had, on average, shifted about 112 feet higher in elevation.

☆ As Heat Pumps Go Mainstream, a Big Question: Can They Handle Real Cold?
▼ + stars: | 2023-02-22 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +4 min

Line chart that shows annual units of heat pumps and gas furnaces shipped, which is an approximation of sales, from 2002 through 2022. Heat pumps surpassed gas furnaces in annual sales in 2022 by a wider margin than ever before. 4 million units 3 million Gas furnaces 2 million Heat pumps 1 million 2002 2022 Heat pumps outsold gas furnaces in the U.S. last year. But even in cold weather, electric heat pumps are more energy efficient than the gas or oil furnaces that heat many homes. Even in cold weather, electric heat pumps are more energy efficient than the gas or oil furnaces that heat many homes.

☆ Just How Good for the Planet Is That Big Electric Pickup Truck?
▼ + stars: | 2023-02-17 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +11 min

But as electric vehicles have bulked up, they have also faced new questions over their environmental and safety impacts. Less emissions per mile More emissions per mile Electric vehicles Vehicle SIZE, BY WEIGHT: Heavier vehicles tend to have higher emissions. Take the Ford F-150 pickup truck compared with the electric F-150 Lighting. The same beeswarm chart as in the previous graphic, but Ford F-150 Lightning and Ford F-150 gas-powered models are highlighted. Larger batteries have also added significant weight to many big electric vehicles, anywhere from hundreds to thousands of pounds.

110 30% 50 70 90 150 200 300 400 Short-term view: Past month Long-term view: Past 3 years Redding Redding Sacramento Sacramento San Francisco San Francisco Fresno Fresno Los Angeles Los Angeles San Diego San Diego 110 30% 50 70 90 150 200 300 400 Short-term view: Past month Long-term view: Past 3 years Redding Redding Sacramento Sacramento San Francisco San Francisco Fresno Fresno Los Angeles Los Angeles San Diego San Diego 110 30% 50 70 90 150 200 300 400 Short-term view: Past month Long-term view: Past 3 years Redding Redding Sacramento Sacramento San Francisco San Francisco Fresno Fresno Los Angeles Los Angeles San Diego San Diego 110 30% 50 70 90 150 200 300 400 Short-term view: Past month Redding Sacramento San Francisco Fresno Los Angeles San Diego Long-term view: Past 3 years Redding Sacramento San Francisco Fresno Los Angeles San Diego 110 30% 50 70 90 150 200 300 400 Short-term view: Past month Redding Sacramento San Francisco Fresno Los Angeles San Diego Long-term view: Past 3 years Redding Sacramento San Francisco Fresno Los Angeles San Diego 110 30% 50 70 90 150 200 300 400 Short-term view: Past month Long-term view: Past 3 years Redding Redding Sacramento Sacramento San Francisco San Francisco Fresno Fresno Los Angeles Los Angeles San Diego San Diego Source: PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University Note: Data from the past six months is preliminary. California has built its water infrastructure — reservoirs, wells and irrigation systems — in part to account for the imbalanced timing in precipitation. California has a naturally variable climate: Periods of drought are punctuated by periods of wetter weather. A chart shows average snow water equivalent levels for each water year from 2003 through Jan. 17, 2023. Atmospheric rivers don’t always bring more snow; storms can actually shrink the snowpack if precipitation falls as rain instead of snow at high elevations.

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☆ Why California’s 2022 Wildfire Season Was Unexpectedly Quiet
▼ + stars: | 2022-12-20 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +8 min

Maps of California show the perimeters of wildfire burns for every year between 2018 and 2022 (desktop version) or 2017 and 2022 (mobile version). The extent of acreage burned in 2022 is far less than what burned in 2021 and 2022, and looks more similar to what burned in 2019. 2018 2017 Camp fire 2022 2021 2020 McKinney fire 2020 was the state’s worst fire year on record. Wildfires have burned about 362,000 acres this year, compared to 2.5 million acres last year and a historic 4.3 million acres in 2020. Acres Burned by Wildfires in California A bar chart showing the total acres burned by California wildfires since 1987.

☆ Mauna Loa Eruption Threatens a Famous Climate Record
▼ + stars: | 2022-12-02 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +9 min

420 410 400 The Keeling Curve 390 Measurements of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere from the Mauna Loa Observatory, in parts per million CO2. In the meantime, officials are contemplating flying in a generator via helicopter to the Mauna Loa observatory, which is operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ISLAND OF HAWAI‘I Mauna Loa Observatory Lava flow Eruption began at Moku‘āweoweo caldera Mauna Loa Honolulu Hawai‘i Hawaiian Islands Area of detail Honolulu Hawai‘i Hawaiian Islands Area of detail ISLAND OF HAWAI‘I Mauna Loa Observatory Lava flow Eruption began at Moku‘āweoweo caldera Mauna Loa Source: Copernicus Notes: Image captured by satellite on Nov. 28, 2022. But none hold quite the same symbolism as Mauna Loa, which is home to the first and most frequently cited data. Even now, when scientists want to test new carbon dioxide monitoring equipment, “they go to Mauna Loa,” Dr. Sweeney said.

☆ A Core Question at COP27: Who Will Pay for Climate Change?
▼ + stars: | 2022-11-06 | by ( Elena Shao | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +10 min

When world leaders gather in Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, this week for the annual United Nations climate summit, the debate over who bears financial responsibility for climate change will be center stage. Most Vulnerable, but Least Responsible for Climate Change A vulnerability index developed by the University of Notre Dame measures countries’ exposure, sensitivity and capacity to adapt to the negative effects of climate change. 10 gigatons CO2 Climate change vulnerability index COUNTRY’s Total historical emissions 1 Somalia is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, but has contributed only a tiny fraction of global emissions. Pakistan experienced widespread and deadly flooding this summer that scientists linked to climate change. India 57.1 Gt CO2 0.5 Middle income countries China 249.4 Gt CO2 0.4 Russia 117.5 Gt CO2 Japan 66.7 Gt CO2 Higher income countries United States 421.7 Gt CO2 0.3 United Kingdom 74.9 Gt CO2 Germany 93.1 Gt CO2 Wealthy countries are responsible for half of the world’s emissions since 1850.

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