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CNN —Lydia Wu had never driven an electric vehicle before she rented a car from Avis last February. Rental car companies may have overestimated their customers’ readiness for a switch, though. In my case, I’ve rented EVs from Turo, a peer-to-peer car rental platform that’s sort of like Airbnb but for cars. Customer service as keyJoulez, an EV rental company, rents its fleet through its own website as well as through Turo. But not everyone has such a bad time when renting an EV from a big rental car company.
Persons: Lydia Wu, Wu, EVs, Hertz, Stephen Scherr, it’s, ” Hertz, Doug Jensen, Tesla, , , ” Wu, I’ve, Micah Bergdale, they’re, Joulez, Jay Waldron, Waldron, Kia Organizations: CNN, Avis, Cox Automotive, Tesla, General Motors, Hertz, Kia, EV, Turo, Hyundai Kona EV, National Locations: Kansas City , Kansas, Hertz, San Diego, it’s, Polestar, New York City, , Turo, Georgia, Washington, DC
President Joe Biden's administration on Friday finalized tighter fuel economy rules for trucks and sport utility vehicles through 2031 that are not as stringent as it first proposed, a federal agency said. Last year, NHTSA said its proposal to hike fuel economy standards through 2032 would cost the industry $14 billion in projected fines. In June 2023, Reuters first reported Stellantis and GM paid a total of $363 million in CAFE fines for failing to meet U.S. fuel economy requirements for prior model years. NHTSA said the rule will hike fuel economy to about 50.4 miles per gallon by 2031 from 29.1 mpg currently. "Those fines wouldn't have produced any environmental benefits or additional fuel economy and would've foolishly diverted automaker capital away from the massive investments required by the electric vehicle transition," Bozzella said.
Persons: Joe Biden's, Biden, John Bozzella, Bozzella, Dan Becker Organizations: Traffic Safety Administration, Detroit, NHTSA, General Motors, Chrysler, Ford Motor, Reuters, Alliance for Automotive Innovation, Center, Transport
Some stocks have forward earnings momentum that investors don't want to overlook, according to Liberum. He noted that companies with this momentum outperformed counterparts by 0.2% over the past month. Earnings momentum can be a good sign for a company as it tends to align with growth in revenue, improving margins or cost reductions, or some combination of these factors. Klement noted that earnings per share momentum has a "very chequered past" in the U.S. market. This also comes as the broader market has traded near all-time highs , forcing traders to look harder for individual stocks that have more room to run.
Persons: Joachim Klement, Klement, Nvidia, what's, Motors, LSEG, Tim Rokossa Organizations: Nvidia, Wall, LSEG, Amazon, Meta, Netflix, General Motors, Deutsche Bank, Motors, Ford Locations: U.S, Europe
GM has a secret to help sell its new EVs. It's Costco
  + stars: | 2024-06-07 | by ( Michael Wayland | ) www.cnbc.com   time to read: +8 min
Costco Auto has facilitated more than 500,000 vehicle sales annually over the past five years on average, according to Jay Maxwell, Costco Auto Program general manager responsible for strategic partnerships. GM declined to disclose how many Costco customers have purchased GM vehicles through the program. EV interestA growing number of vehicle sales made through Costco Auto are of electric vehicles, Costco said. In addition to GM, Costco Auto has partnered with Volvo, including its Polestar EV startup brand, Audi and others over the years. The Costco Auto Program was initially part of wholesale competitor Price Club, which merged with Costco in 1993.
Persons: Kena, Motors, it's, Marissa West, Michael Wayland, Jay Maxwell, Maxwell, Mary Barra, That's, Cox, Scott Mlyn, Julie Craig, , Melissa Repko Organizations: Costco, Corbis, Getty, DETROIT —, Costco Wholesale, Detroit automaker, Costco Auto Program, EVs, Chevrolet, Chevrolet Blazer, GM North America, CNBC, U.S, Costco Auto, Canada, Ford Motor, Volkswagen, Brands, Lithia Motors, AutoNation, GM, EV, Volvo, Audi, CNBC Costco Auto, Cadillac, Industry, Cox Automotive, Dealers, New York Auto Show, Price Club Locations: Teterboro , New Jersey, CNBC, U.S, Detroit, Canada
Electric cars are more expensive than gasoline models largely because batteries cost so much. But new technology could turn those pricey devices into an asset, giving owners benefits like reduced utility bills, lower lease payments or free parking. Automakers would make money by serving as intermediaries between car owners and power suppliers. Millions of cars could be thought of as a huge energy system that, for the first time, will be connected to another enormous energy system, the electrical grid, said Matthias Preindl, an associate professor of power electronic systems at Columbia University. “They will interact more in the future, and they can potentially support one another — or stress one another.”
Persons: Matthias Preindl, “ We’re, Preindl, , Organizations: Ford Motor, General Motors, BMW, Columbia University
Today's cars have an unprecedented capacity to surveil people inside and around them, and it's raising alarms with privacy advocates. A growing chorus of advocates and politicians say automakers aren't doing enough to protect consumer data from companies, criminals or even the government itself. "Our cars aren't a means of independence and privacy anymore," said Jen Caltrider, director of the Mozilla Foundation's Privacy Not Included program, in an interview with CNBC. GM, Nissan, Stellantis and BMW responded with statements saying they take customer privacy and data protection very seriously and comply with all applicable laws. In late April, two senators asked the Federal Trade Commission to investigate automakers for allegedly deceiving customers about the companies' data management practices.
Persons: Jen Caltrider, Caltrider, Nissan Organizations: General Motors, LexisNexis, GM, CNBC, Solutions, Mozilla Foundation, Mozilla, Nissan, BMW, Alliance, Automotive Innovation, Pew Research, Federal Trade Commission Locations: Florida
Ford had another month of strong sales, but a wider appeal on Wall Street for the stock depends on cutting the automaker's massive EV division losses. In the first quarter, Ford lost more than $100,000 per EV sold. He also lamented the underperformance of Ford stock relative to rival General Motors — ever since GM announced a buyback in November. However, Jim thinks Ford stock has come down enough. As a subscriber to the CNBC Investing Club with Jim Cramer, you will receive a trade alert before Jim makes a trade.
Persons: Ford, EVs, Jim Cramer, General Motors —, Jim, Jim Cramer's, Danielle DeVries Organizations: EV, Bloomberg, Ford, General, GM, Club, CNBC, New York
Around 1 in 5 US engineering students in a survey chose Lockheed Martin as an ideal employer. 1 employer on Universum's new ranking using what engineering students said. AdvertisementWhile the labor market is looking tough for job seekers, some US engineering students are thinking about hopefully landing work at Lockheed Martin, GE Aerospace, or Nvidia one day. These places ranked highly on a new ranking about the employers US engineering students most want to work for. This story is available exclusively to Business Insider subscribers.
Persons: Lockheed Martin, Tesla, Organizations: Lockheed, General Motors, Apple, Service, GE Aerospace, Nvidia, Business
The $950 million project encompasses the 18-story former train station called Michigan Central Station – once the state's marquee transit building – an adjacent 270,000-square-foot building and other, supporting facilities. The 30-acre "Michigan Central" campus and station was initially announced in 2018 and slated to open by 2022. Train station campusThe Michigan Central campus is located southwest of Detroit's main business district in a trendy neighborhood known as Corktown. The Michigan Central campus in total spans 1.2 million square feet of commercial space, including retail, restaurants and hospitality. The restored grand waiting room inside Ford's Michigan Central Station in Detroit.
Persons: Michael Wayland, Bill Ford Jr, Ford, Bill Ford, He's, Henry Ford, Ford Ford, Josh Sirefman, it's, It's Organizations: CNBC DETROIT, Michigan Central, Ford, CNBC, General Motors, Renaissance, eBay, Michigan Central Station, Detroit, Michigan, Central Station, CNBC Ford, Architects, Detroit Public, Depository, Google, Detroit Lions Locations: Motor, Michigan, Detroit, Silicon Valley, California, East, Detroit's, Dearborn , Michigan, Ford's, Mankato, Indiana, CNBC, Motor City, Pontiac, Rouge
Barra sold more than $27 million worth of stock on May 28, joining several other GM insiders who have done similar trades this year. Meanwhile, Benioff sold more than $12 million worth of shares over the course of several days. Salesforce CEO Benioff sold 45,000 shares at an average price of $270.70 for a total of $12.18 million. The biggest move came from two insiders at a small investment firm — Oxford Lane Capital — who combined to buy $50 million worth of the stock. Claros Mortgage CEO Richard Mack bought 160,000 shares at an average price of $7.20 for a total of $1.15 million.
Persons: Mary Barra, Marc Benioff, Barra, Benioff, execs, Verity, Salesforce's, General Motors CEO Barra, Anthony Casalena, Brice Hill, Gerald Morgan, Cameron Breitner, Jonathan Cohen, Saul Rosenthal, Joseph Adams Jr, John Rakolta Jr, Richard Mack, , Nick Wells Organizations: VerityData, General Motors CEO, Texas, Lane Capital —, Capital Partners, Oxford Lane Capital, FTAI Aviation, Petco, Wellness, Claros Locations: 10b5
Read previewChevy's electric aspirations are about to meet their toughest test yet with the launch of the Silverado EV and the Equinox EV. All of this adds up to the security that today's EV shopper is looking for, Majoros told me in an interview. The RST First Edition Silverado EV, which is on sale now, goes for $94,500. Equinox EV is a step in the right direction, but can it beat a hybrid? That could be bad news for Chevy dealers and Equinox EV, which might lose out in a comparison with Ford's or Toyota's hybrids.
Persons: , Steve, Majoros, you've, it's, Ford's, Elon Organizations: Service, Silverado EV, GM, Business, Chevrolet, Motors, Silverado, Equinox Locations: Detroit
Here's a rapid-fire update on all 33 stocks in Jim Cramer's Charitable Trust, the portfolio we use for the CNBC Investing Club. Below $200 a share is the level we'd get interested in buying more Salesforce stock, Jim said. The industrial name will continue to be a beneficiary of the AI trade due to Eaton's booming data center business. Alphabet : If this mega-cap name experiences a move lower, investors should scoop up shares, Jim said. Nvidia : There's not much more to say about Nvidia in light of another blowout earnings report and the strong guidance accompanying it.
Persons: Jim Cramer's, Jim, Apple's, Goldman Sachs, Salesforce, We've, Danaher, he'd, Walt Disney, We're, Estee Lauder, Eaton, Ford, Motors, Mary Dillon's, It's, Linde, Eli Lilly, Mark Zuckerberg's, Morgan Stanley, we're, Stanley Black, we've, Wynn, Jim Cramer, Michael M Organizations: Jim Cramer's Charitable Trust, CNBC, Club, Apple, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Labs, Amazon Web Services, Broadcom, Dell, Samsung, Costco Wholesale, Coterra Energy, DuPont De Nemours, DuPont, The, Eaton, Ford, GE Healthcare, Honeywell, Jim, Linde, Microsoft, Nvidia, Palo Alto Networks, Palo Alto, Change, Procter & Gamble, Constellation Brands, Constellation, Modelo, Corona, Federal Reserve, TJX, Marshalls, Wynn Resorts, Jim Cramer's Charitable, Traders, New York Stock Exchange, Santiago, Getty Locations: China, Dover, Eaton, U.S, Maxx, HomeGoods, Wells Fargo, Macau, New York City
The company has a low forward price-to-earnings ratio of roughly 8.6. Ulta Beauty also made the screen as a cheap stock that analysts are bullish on. The stock has a 14.5 forward price-to-earnings ratio and a consensus buy rating from analysts polled by FactSet. Online pickup orders inside an Ulta Beauty store in the Upper East Side neighborhood in New York, US, on Monday, Nov. 27, 2023. The stock has a 14.5 forward price-to-earnings ratio and a consensus buy rating from analysts polled by FactSet.
Persons: Jefferies, Trevor Williams, We're, FactSet, Stifel, Ulta, General Motors, Bing Guan Organizations: Dow Jones, Nasdaq, CNBC, Financial, Global Payments, Jefferies, JPMorgan, Cadillac, Chevrolet, General, FedEx, Halliburton, Gilead Sciences, CVS Health, Bloomberg, Getty, CVS, Epam, Motors, HAL Halliburton, Resorts, JBL, LKQ, Vegas Sands Corp, MGM MGM Resorts International, LSEG Financial, Inc Locations: Gilead, New York
At a sprawling complex in Warren, Mich., General Motors’ hopes for its driverless car future play out in a virtual reality headset offered to visitors. Wirelessly connected to traffic lights and the surrounding streets, the car avoids collisions and reduces congestion, part of what G.M. calls its “0-0-0” vision — “zero crashes, zero emission, zero congestion.”At least, that’s the plan. G.M.’s driverless future looks a lot further away today than it did a year ago, when Cruise, G.M.’s driverless car subsidiary, was deep into an aggressive expansion of its robot taxi services, testing in 15 cities across 10 states. On Oct. 2, a Cruise driverless car hit and dragged a pedestrian for 20 feet on a San Francisco street, causing severe injuries.
Persons: General Motors ’, Cruise, Weeks Organizations: General, California Department of Motor Vehicles Locations: Warren, Mich, San Francisco
The Labor Department said that through the employment of children at its supplier, Hyundai was in violation of the “hot goods” provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which prevents the interstate commerce of goods “that were produced in violation of the minimum wage, overtime or child labor provisions” of that law. “Companies cannot escape liability by blaming suppliers or staffing companies for child labor violations when they are in fact also employers themselves,” said Seema Nanda, the Labor Department’s chief legal officer, in a statement Thursday. The suit comes after investigations by Reuters and The New York Times documented the use of child labor by the suppliers of car companies. In 2022, Reuters found that Smart Alabama had used child labor at its facility, and that Kia, which is part of the same South Korean conglomerate as Hyundai, had also used child labor in the South. The United Automobile Workers union has said it hopes to organize workers at Hyundai’s Montgomery plant.
Persons: , Seema Nanda Organizations: Smart, Best Practice Service, Labor Department, Hyundai, Fair Labor, Act, Labor, Reuters, The New York Times, Smart Alabama, Kia, The Times, General Motors, Ford Motor, The United Automobile Workers Locations: South Korea, Georgia, Hyundai’s Montgomery
Cadillac's new entry-level Optiq EV to start at $54,000
  + stars: | 2024-05-29 | by ( Michael Wayland | ) www.cnbc.com   time to read: +1 min
DETROIT – General Motors' new entry-level 2025 Cadillac Optiq electric vehicle will start at $54,000, the company said Wednesday. The compact-sized crossover is set to be Cadillac's fourth electric vehicle when it goes on sale later this year. It follows the $59,000 Lyriq midsize crossover, the $300,000-plus bespoke Celestiq sedan and the upcoming $130,000 Escalade IQ SUV. The Optiq will be sold in 10 regions, including North America, China and Europe, where it debuted Wednesday at a new Cadillac showroom in Paris. It comes as automakers attempt to expand the appeal of EVs with less-expensive models following slower-than-expected sales for the emerging vehicles.
Persons: Cadillac, John Roth Organizations: DETROIT, Motors, EV, Cadillac Locations: North America, China, Europe, Paris
CNN —Facing a crowd of journalists, inventor Thomas Midgley Jr. poured a lead additive over his hands and then proceeded to inhale its fumes for about a minute. Unfazed, he said, “I could do this every day without getting any health problems whatsoever.”Soon afterward, Midgley needed medical treatment. The task of addressing the issue of engine knocking fell to Midgley while he was working at General Motors in 1916. An estimated 1 million people a year still die from lead poisoning, according to the World Health Organization. The toxicity of lead was already well-known when Midgley added it to gas, but that didn’t stop Ethyl from becoming a commercial success.
Persons: Thomas Midgley Jr, , , Midgley, , Ford, Gerald Markowitz, Colin Creitz, Charles Kettering, ” Markowitz, ” Midgley, Bill Kovarik, Midgley —, Kettering —, Freon, Joe Sohm, CFCs, Perkin, Priestley, Kettering, Willard Gibbs, Carl E, ” Kovarik, Markowitz, I’m Organizations: CNN, General Motors, City University of New, GM, Standard Oil, DuPont, Network, UNICEF, World Health Organization, Radford University, America, Montreal Protocol, International Association for Suicide Prevention, Befrienders, Society of Chemical Industry, American Chemical Society, National Academy of Sciences, TNT, Linde Locations: Beaver Falls , Pennsylvania, United States, City University of New York, Algeria, American, Dayton , Ohio, Virginia, Montreal, Chicago
F1 dispute with Andretti Global draws in U.S. lawmakers
  + stars: | 2024-05-24 | by ( Chris Hawes | ) www.cnbc.com   time to read: +5 min
Anna Moneymaker | Getty ImagesA dispute over whether to accept American motorsports giant Andretti Global as Formula One's 11th team is reaching boiling point. It's the latest twist in the Andretti saga, which started in October 2023 when the sport's governing body, the FIA, approved the American team's bid to join the grid. Three months later, F1, the sport's commercial arm, quashed the bid, arguing that Andretti wouldn't be competitive in 2025 or 2026. These new entrants would also be obliged to operate out of a region not currently represented by F1 teams. It isn't just in Washington where support for Andretti is growing, explained Andretti.
Persons: Mario Andretti, John James, Anna Moneymaker, Michael, Andretti, Stefano Domenicali, Domenicali, Tim Milne, Lewis Butler, Tim Cook, Red Bull's Max Verstappen Mike Segar, Zac Brown, it's, Fernando Alonso Organizations: Washington , DC, Andretti, Capitol, General Motors, Andretti Global, One's, Miami Grand, Liberty Media, NBC News, FIA, Formula, One, CNBC, Las Vegas, Prix, U.S, F1, United, Reuters Locations: Washington ,, U.S, Las Vegas, Saudi Arabia, United States, Americas, Austin , Texas, Washington, Miami
DETROIT – General Motors CEO and Chair Mary Barra on Thursday said she has no plans to retire any time soon as she tries to ensure the company's transformation is on "a good path." Barra, who is the longest tenured CEO outside of the company's founder, has been asked about retirement for several years. "I'm having a lot of fun, and I want to make sure we have our transformation on a good path," she said during a fireside chat at a Detroit Economic Club meeting. Barra reiterated she serves at the pleasure of the GM board and that she continues to have "fun." Cruise and EVs, along with software-defined vehicles and services, have been among the largest potential growth areas under Barra, who became CEO in January 2014.
Persons: Mary Barra, Barra, I've, Cruise Organizations: Economic, Washington, DETROIT – General, GM, Detroit Locations: Washington , U.S, DETROIT, San Francisco, Barra
The Equinox EV is launching with higher-priced models that start at roughly $43,000 to $51,100 (without any incentives). The Equinox EV is arriving to market following the Blazer EV and alongside GM's more than $96,000 Silverado EV RST. Equinox EVAll of that being said, the Equinox EV is an Equinox in name only. Outside of the U.S., the Equinox EV will be sold in Canada, Mexico, the Middle East and some South American markets such as Brazil. GM's 2024 Chevrolet Equinox EV (right) next to a gas-powered Chevy Equinox on May 16, 2024 in Detroit.
Persons: Michael Wayland, Mark Reuss, Tesla, Kathleen Murawski, Chevy Bolt, It's, We've, Rory Harvey, we've, Marissa West, West, Paul Waatti, Waatti Organizations: CNBC DETROIT, General Motors, GM, CNBC, Chevy, GMC Hummer EV, Blazer, Global, Silverado EV RST, Silverado, GM North America, Chevrolet, Motors, EV Locations: Detroit, China, U.S, Canada, Mexico, Brazil
Any significant reduction or a rollback of the Inflation Reduction Act's support for electric vehicles would benefit China, according to General Motors board member Jon McNeill. "I think we risk losing the auto manufacturing share to China. The IRA of 2022 includes incentives for consumers to purchase EVs as well as significant support for carmakers and suppliers to produce all-electric vehicles and their components in North America rather than overseas. The expansion of Chinese automakers has been a growing concern for companies from Detroit to Germany. Global automakers are worried that BYD and other Chinese rivals could flood their markets, undercutting domestic production and vehicle prices.
Persons: Jon McNeill, McNeill, Donald Trump Organizations: General Motors, DVx Ventures, CNBC, Global, Biden Locations: China, North America, Detroit, Germany
About 56 percent of the Mercedes workers who voted rejected the U.A.W. In April, workers at a Volkswagen plant in Tennessee voted to join the union, the first large nonunion auto plant in the South to do so. I don’t think they’re going to stop just because they lost here.”Since its founding in 1935, the U.A.W. has almost exclusively represented workers employed by the three Michigan-based automakers: General Motors, Ford Motor, and Chrysler, now part of Stellantis. And it has long struggled to make headway at plants owned by foreign manufacturers, especially in Southern states where anti-union sentiment runs deep.
Persons: Weeks, , Arthur Wheaton Organizations: Mercedes, Benz, United Automobile Workers, Volkswagen, Daimler Truck, Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations, General Motors, Ford Motor, Chrysler Locations: Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, Michigan, Stellantis, Southern
These tiny EVs are making a big impact
  + stars: | 2024-05-17 | by ( Tom Carter | ) www.businessinsider.com   time to read: +4 min
Here are some of the tiny EVs making a splash in Asia and Europe. AdvertisementChief among those is the Seagull, a tiny EV that can go 305 km on a single charge and costs $11,000. SOPA Images/Getty ImagesJapan has long had a soft spot for tiny EVs, known as Kei cars — and the Nissan Sakura is one of the most popular. BITechnically speaking, the Citroen Ami isn't an electric car at all, but an "electric quadricycle." The tiny microcar has been on sale in Europe since 2021, with a UK launch mooted for later this year.
Persons: , Nissan Sakura, Tesla, Aly Song, Reuters BYD, Elon, HECTOR RETAMAL, Citroen Ami, Citroen Ami isn't, Ami, Merlin Ouboter Organizations: Service, Nissan, Tesla, Ford, Business, Reuters, SAIC, General Motors, Japan, Citroen, BI, Getty Locations: China, Japan, Europe, Asia, Guang, Shanghai, France, London, Swiss
United Auto Workers (UAW) members and supporters on a picket line outside the ZF Chassis Systems plant in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, US, on Wednesday, Sept. 20, 2023. Andi Rice | Bloomberg | Getty ImagesMercedes-Benz workers in Alabama have voted against union representation by the United Auto Workers, the National Labor Relations Board said Friday. Union organizing failed with 56% of the vote, or 2,642 workers, casting ballots against the UAW, according to the NLRB, which oversaw the election. More than 90% of the 5,075 eligible Mercedes-Benz workers voted in the election, according to the results. If no objections are filed, the election result will be certified, and the union will have to wait one year to file for a union election for a similar bargaining unit.
Persons: Andi Rice, Shawn Fain, Margaret Mock, Stellantis, Michael Wayland, Stephen Silvia, Southern, Mercedes, Silvia Organizations: United Auto Workers, UAW, ZF, Systems, Bloomberg, Getty, Mercedes, Benz, National Labor Relations Board, Detroit, Union, NLRB, Team, Detroit automakers Ford Motor, General Motors, Volkswagen, Southern Gamble, Workers, Foreign, American University Locations: Tuscaloosa , Alabama, Alabama, Tennessee, Sterling Heights , Michigan, U.S, Washington ,
New York CNN —A high-stakes union election is underway at a Mercedes-Benz plant near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, the only plant for the luxury automaker in North America. The fallout will be significant whether the workers at Mercedes-Benz vote to join the United Auto Workers union or not. And last month, it won a union election at a Volkswagen plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee, its first victory in three attempts to organize the factory. Though a union win could generate momentum, it doesn’t mean a victory will mean other plants can overcome management opposition at other foreign-owned plants. Non-union automakers have already begun their response to the big union victories thus far.
Persons: Shawn Fain, Fain, , , Tesla, Mercedes, Mercedes ’, , MBUSI, Wheaton, Mercedes plant’s, It’s, Mercedes Benz, ” Wheaton, “ It’s, Harry Katz, ” Katz, Katz, ’ ” Katz, they’ve, CNN’s Chris Isidore, Nathaniel Meyersohn Organizations: New, New York CNN, Benz, Mercedes, United Auto Workers, UAW, Big Three, Volkswagen, Kia, Toyota, US, BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Mazda, Nissan, Subaru, Volvo, Team, The National Labor Relations Board, Benz US International, Member, Volkswagen didn’t, Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations ’, CNN, “ Labor, Big, – GM, Ford, Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations, P Global Market Intelligence, General Motors Locations: New York, Tuscaloosa , Alabama, North America, Chattanooga , Tennessee, United States, Vance , Alabama, Tuscaloosa, , Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations ’ Buffalo, Alabama, Alabama , Georgia , Mississippi, South Carolina , Tennessee, Texas
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