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TOKYO (AP) — Japan’s central bank raised its benchmark interest rate Tuesday for the first time in 17 years, ending a longstanding policy of negative rates meant to boost the economy. The negative interest rate policy, combined with other measures to inject money into the economy and keep borrowing costs low, “have fulfilled their roles,” Bank of Japan Gov. But it had remained cautious about “normalizing” monetary policy, or ending negative borrowing rates, even after data showed inflation at about that rate in recent months. Ueda said there was “a positive cycle” of a gradual rise of wages and prices, while stressing that monetary policy will remain easy for some time. The Japanese central bank's policy is quite different from those of the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank.

Persons: “, Kazuo Ueda, Ueda, Harumi Taguchi, Haruhiko Kuroda, ___ Yuri Kageyama Organizations: TOKYO, ” Bank of Japan Gov, Bank of, Analysts, P Global Market Intelligence, U.S . Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, Bank of Japan Locations: Japan, Bank of Japan, U.S, China

BRUSSELS (AP) — The European Union is pressing ahead with a plan to use the profits generated from billions of euros of Russian assets frozen in Europe to help provide weapons and other funds for Ukraine, a senior official said Tuesday. The move comes as Ukraine runs dangerously low on munitions, and U.S. efforts to get new funds for weapons have stalled in Congress. A small group of member countries, notably Hungary, refuse to supply weapons to Ukraine, so these windfall profits would be divided up. The European Central Bank, or ECB, has warned in the past against seizing Russian assets as this could undermine confidence in the euro currency and EU markets. But Borrell said that no assets would be taken, only the windfall profits they make.

Persons: Josep Borrell, “, ” Borrell, Borrell, Alexander De Croo Organizations: Ukraine, EU, European, Parliament, European Central Bank, ECB, Belgian Locations: BRUSSELS, Europe, Brussels, Ukraine, U.S, Russian, Belgium, Hungary, russia, ukraine

☆ Japan's central bank just raised interest rates for the first time in 17 years
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-19 | by ( Yuri Kageyama | Associated Press | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +4 min

Read previewTOKYO (AP) — Japan's central bank raised its benchmark interest rate Tuesday for the first time in 17 years, ending a longstanding policy of negative rates meant to boost the economy. The short-term rate was raised to a range of 0 to 0.1% from minus 0.1% at a policy meeting that confirmed expectations of a shift away from ultra-lax monetary policy. The negative interest rate policy, combined with other measures to inject money into the economy and keep borrowing costs low, "have fulfilled their roles," the bank said in a statement. The Japanese central bank's policy is quite different from those of the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Analysts expect the Bank of Japan to continue to move slowly on further raising interest rates.

Persons: —, Kazuo Ueda, Haruhiko Kuroda Organizations: Service, Business, Bank of, Bank of Japan, US Federal Reserve, European Central Bank Locations: Japan, Bank of Japan, U.S, China

☆ Why European stocks may soon start to outperform US equities, according to JPMorgan
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-18 | by ( Aruni Soni | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +3 min

There are five reasons why European stocks may soon start to outperform US equities, according to JPMorgan. According to JPMorgan, European equities may soon outperform their American peers. Even though European stocks are also susceptible to a hiccup because of increasingly hyped-up trades, the firm says fallout would be much worse in the US stock market. Third, the Citigroup Economic Surprises Indices shows that European economic activity momentum has begun moving above that of the US. AdvertisementLastly, JPMorgan sees an improving economic picture in China, which is a green flag for export-heavy European markets.

Persons: —, Mislav Matejka, There's Organizations: JPMorgan, Service, outstripping, MSCI, Citigroup, European Central Bank, ECB Locations: China

☆ Fed and other banks to make 'major progress' on rates this year, BIS chief says
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-18 | by ( Karen Gilchrist | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +2 min

The Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank look poised to make "major progress" in cutting interest rates this year, according to the central bank of central banks. BIS serves as a bank and forum for national central banks, and as such has close understanding of their monetary policies. During its March meeting, the ECB held interest rates steady, but hinted at a June rate cut as it trimmed its annual inflation forecast. The Fed and the Bank of England are expected to shine future light on their plans for interest rates during their monetary policy meetings this week. The Bank of Japan is meanwhile predicted to lift interest rates on Tuesday, according to a Reuters poll, marking a major turn in its nearly two-decade-long cycle of negative interest rates.

Persons: Carstens, Annette Weisbach, disinflation, Philip Lane, JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, BoE Organizations: Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, Bank for International, CNBC, BIS, ECB, Bank of England, Goldman, Bank of Japan

☆ European markets set to open lower after hotter-than-expected U.S. inflation data
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-15 | by ( Sam Meredith | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +1 min

European markets were poised to open slightly lower on Friday as investors digested U.S. inflation data that dented confidence in the outlook for Federal Reserve interest rate cuts this year. U.S. inflation data is being closely monitored on Wall Street ahead of the Federal Reserve's two-day policy meeting starting next Tuesday. The central bank is widely expected to hold its benchmark interest rate next week, although market participants will be searching for clues about when and by how much the Fed could start cutting interest rates over the coming months. Asia-Pacific markets fell on Friday, led lower by Hong Kong's Hang Seng index. U.S. stock futures edged lower in overnight trading as investors sought to look beyond the latest inflation reading.

Persons: Philip Lane, Kong's Organizations: Federal Reserve, Federal, European Central Bank, CNBC, ECB Locations: U.S, Asia, Pacific

☆ ECB has 'fairly stable view' that inflation is easing: Chief economist
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-14 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: 1 min

Share Share Article via Facebook Share Article via Twitter Share Article via LinkedIn Share Article via EmailECB has a 'fairly stable view' that inflation is on its way to 2%: Central bank's chief economistPhilip Lane, chief economist of the European Central Bank, discusses the path ahead for interest rates, saying the central bank needs to take its time to get rate cuts right.

Persons: Philip Lane Organizations: ECB, Central bank's, European Central Bank

☆ Currency market subdued ahead of fresh U.S. economic data
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-14 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +3 min

The currency market was sedate on Thursday, with the U.S. dollar consolidating against major peers as market players awaited more data out of the world's largest economy for clues on the direction of Federal Reserve policy. With the Fed widely expected to hold rates steady at its meeting next week, attention will be on the bank's updated economic projections. The dollar index , which measures the greenback against a basket of six currencies, was mostly flat at 102.77. Sources told Reuters that Japan's central bank will debate ending negative rates next week if big firms' wage talks yield strong results. Elsewhere, the euro was holding steady against the dollar at $1.0949, ahead of remarks by several European Central Bank officials on Thursday.

Persons: Kyle Rodda, Jerome Powell, Sterling, bitcoin Organizations: U.S, Federal Reserve, Fed, U.S ., PPI, Bank, Reuters, European Central Bank Locations: Buenos Aires, Argentina, U.S

☆ European Central Bank chief economist says we need to 'take our time' to get rate cuts right
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-14 | by ( Jenni Reid | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +1 min

The European Central Bank must take its time to get interest rate cuts right and will have a clearer picture of inflationary pressures in June, the institution's chief economist told CNBC. Lane, also a Governing Council member, said the euro zone central bank's March meeting had been an "important milestone" in the accumulation of evidence, and showed the "disinflation process has been ongoing." During the meeting, the ECB held rates and released updated macroeconomic projections, which lowered its inflation forecast for this year to 2.3% from 2.7%. Inflation in the 20-nation bloc eased to 2.6% in February. In a press conference following the March meeting, ECB President Christine Lagarde said market pricing on the timing of rate cuts — which indicate a start in June as of Thursday — "seems to be converging better" with the central bank's view.

Persons: what's, we've, Philip Lane, Steve Sedgwick, Lane, Christine Lagarde Organizations: European Central Bank, CNBC, ECB

☆ 2024 is the year of the rate cut pivot — here's when the world's central banks will budge
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-13 | by ( Lee Ying Shan | In Ying-Shan-Lee | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +6 min

EIU also expects the Bank of Japan will exit its negative interest rate policy in the second quarter. Markets currently expect the Fed to start with a 25-basis-point rate cut in June. Euro zoneThe European Central Bank last week also held its policy rate at a record high of 4%, signaling that it won't cut rates before June. JPMorgan said in a research note that the Turkish central bank may cut its policy rate in November and December, keeping its year-end policy rate forecast of 45%. IndonesiaIndonesia's central bank kept its benchmark policy rate at 6% in its recent meeting.

Persons: EIU, Jerome Powell, LSEG, Nomura, Perry Warjiyo, CNBC's JP Ong, BOK, Goldman Sachs, Goohoon Kwon, Kwon Organizations: Getty, Economist Intelligence Unit, Bank of Japan, United, United States U.S, Federal, Fed, European Central Bank, ECB, Swiss National Bank, UBS, Bank of Canada, Bank of, JPMorgan, Reserve Bank of, ANZ, New Zealand Auckland Savings Bank, Bank, Bank Indonesia, BMI, Fitch Solutions, U.S, Oxford Economics, Macquarie Locations: Czech, China, Japan, United States, Switzerland Swiss, Bank of Canada, Turkey, Turkish, Reserve Bank of Australia, New, Indonesia, South Korea, Asia

☆ Dollar steadies as traders weigh hotter-than-expected inflation
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-13 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +3 min

The U.S. dollar held steady against a handful of rival currencies on Wednesday, as traders weighed what impact hotter-than-expected inflation data could have on chances of an interest rate cut at the Federal Reserve's June meeting. The U.S. dollar held steady against a handful of rival currencies on Wednesday, as traders weighed what impact hotter-than-expected inflation data could have on chances of an interest rate cut at the Federal Reserve's June meeting. The U.S. consumer price index, or CPI, increased solidly in February, beating forecasts and suggesting some stickiness in inflation. That has left analysts wondering whether the Fed will have sufficient data to justify more than a couple of rate cuts all year. The dollar index , which measures the greenback against a basket of peer currencies, was little changed at 102.91.

Persons: Powell, Matt Simpson, Kazuo Ueda's, bitcoin Organizations: U.S, Federal, Fund, U.S ., CPI, Bank of Japan, Traders, European Central Bank Locations: U.S

☆ Explainer-How the West Might Use Russia's Frozen Reserves
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-12 | by ( March | At P.M. | ) www.usnews.com time to read: +5 min

Here are some of the ideas that have been suggested:CONFISCATIONSome international policymakers and lawyers say the immobilised Russian reserves can simply be confiscated under a doctrine of international law known as "countermeasures". Some in the bloc are still wary, though, and the European Central Bank has warned that claiming the trapped Russian assets should only be done in tandem with G7 powers. The bondholders would not have a contractual claim on the Kremlin’s frozen reserves. Ukraine would have a plausible way to collect on any damages awarded up to the value of the reserves. If Moscow refused to pay the damages, the allies could then use Russia’s frozen assets to pay off the loan.

Persons: Marc Jones, Lee Buchheit, Daleep Singh, Mark Heinrich Organizations: Marc Jones LONDON, Emergency Economic, U.S, European Central Bank Locations: Ukraine, Russia, Kuwait, United States, EU, Russian, Brussels, Belgium, U.S, Britain, China, Hong Kong, Dubai, Moscow

☆ Yen gains as bets firm for imminent rate hike; sterling slides
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-11 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +3 min

In this photo illustration, the man is holding several U.S. dollar bills with some Chinese yuan in the background. Sterling pulled back sharply from a multi-month high, following its best week since November of 2022, amid bets the Bank of England will be slower to cut rates than the Fed or European Central Bank. The greenback eased 0.17% to 146.82 yen , heading back toward the five-week low of 146.48 reached on Friday. The next Fed meeting runs March 19-20. The ECB left rates at record highs last Thursday while cautiously laying the ground to lower them later this year.

Persons: Sterling, Jerome Powell's, bitcoin Organizations: Bank of Japan, Federal Reserve, Bank of England, European Central Bank, Westpac, Fed, ECB

☆ European stocks close mixed as investors assess U.S. jobs data, ECB signals
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-08 | by ( Karen Gilchrist | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: 1 min

European markets closed mixed Friday, with investors digesting the European Central Bank's updated inflation forecast and new U.S. jobs data. The Stoxx 600 index provisionally closed 0.03% higher, with sectors and major bourses trading in mixed territory. German industrial output rose 1% in January, more than the 0.5% expected, new data showed Friday. Construction and manufacturing output also rose 2.7% and 1.1%, respectively. Revised euro zone statistics showed gross domestic product remained steady in the fourth quarter on 2024.

Persons: Europai Organizations: Royal London Group

☆ Dollar ends week under pressure as data keeps rate cut hopes alive
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-08 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +4 min

The unemployment rate rose to 3.9% in February after holding at 3.7% for three straight months, the data showed. The euro got a lift this week as the dollar came under pressure after Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell sounded more confident about cutting interest rates in coming months. Currencies typically weaken if central banks lower interest rates. Against the yen, the dollar was 0.68% lower at 147.05 yen, its weakest since Feb. 2. Firming hopes that interest rates in the U.S. and Europe will start to fall in June also helped prop up the risk-sensitive Australian and New Zealand dollars.

Persons: Jerome Powell, Stuart Cole, Cole, Powell, Lindsey Bell, Kathleen Brooks, Sterling, BoE, Firming, bitcoin Organizations: Federal Reserve, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Equiti, ECB, Federal, Ventures, Bank of, Reuters, European Central Bank, U.S . Federal, Bank of England, New Locations: Japan, Charlotte , North Carolina, Bank of Japan, U.S, Europe, New Zealand

☆ Fatal Houthi rebel attack may be a ‘red line’ in Red Sea shipping crisis
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-07 | by ( Hanna Ziady | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +6 min

The deadly strike marks a significant escalation of the Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea and and comes despite a US-led naval coalition to protect the crucial waterway. Fewer ships appear to be transiting through the Red Sea and adjoining Suez Canal after the latest attack, according to maritime risks analytics company Windward. According to Windward, the number of bulk carriers anchoring outside ports to the north and south of the Suez Canal surged 225% Wednesday compared with the previous day. Windward data shows that last month the number of bulk carriers in the Red Sea was already at its lowest level in two years. Just 30% of the usual shipping capacity — including container ships, bulk carriers, car carriers, and tankers carrying oil and liquefied natural gas — is still passing through the Red Sea and Suez Canal, according to Sand.

Persons: Ami Daniel, ”, Peter Sand, “, Hapag Lloyd —, Christine Lagarde, CMA CGM, Stephen Cotton, Cotton, David Ashmore, Reed Smith, John Stawpert, ” Maisie Linford Organizations: London CNN, Liberian, ” Windward, CNN, Maersk, MSC, European Central Bank, Drewry, CMA, International Transport Workers ’ Federation, International Chamber of Shipping Locations: Red Sea, Iran, Suez, Africa, Windward, Red, Norway, Sand, “, London, Good, Gulf, Aden and Red, Aden

☆ European Central Bank hints at June rate cut as it trims inflation forecast
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-07 | by ( Jenni Reid | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +1 min

The European Central Bank on Thursday lowered its annual inflation forecast, as its confirmed a widely expected hold of interest rates. ECB President Christine Lagarde, meanwhile, suggested market pricing for a June rate cut was coming into line with policymakers' outlook. Looking ahead, staff see inflation hitting the ECB's 2% target in 2025 and cooling further to 1.9% in 2026. They meanwhile updated their forecast for economic growth for 2024 to 0.6% from 0.8%, as the euro zone's economic activity escapes its current stagnation. The ECB will be "laser-focused" on two areas of inflation that could surprise, namely wage growth and profit margins, Lagarde said.

Persons: Christine Lagarde, Lagarde Organizations: European Central Bank, ECB

☆ Treasury yields little changed as investors fret over interest rate outlook
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-07 | by ( Sophie Kiderlin | In | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +1 min

ET, the yield on the 10-year Treasury yield was up by just over one basis point to 4.1156%, The 2-year Treasury yield was last down by less than one basis point to 4.5555%. U.S. Treasury yields held steady on Thursday as investors considered the outlook for interest rates after fresh comments from Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell. Powell on Wednesday reiterated that the central bank would be cautious and consider the risks when it comes to interest rate cuts. "The Committee does not expect that it will be appropriate to reduce the target range until it has gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2 percent." Elsewhere, the European Central Bank is due to announce its latest interest rate decision on Thursday.

Persons: Jerome Powell, Powell Organizations: U.S, Treasury, Federal, Financial Services Committee, Fed, Committee, Investors, European Central Bank

☆ Markets could be about to get a big clue on when the European Central Bank will cut rates
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-06 | by ( Annette Weisbach | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +1 min

European Central Bank (ECB) President Christine Lagarde speaks as she presents the bank's 2022 Annual Report to the European Parliament, in Strasbourg, eastern France, on February 26, 2024. FRANKFURT — The European Central Bank will meet again this week amid falling inflation, a slight recovery in economic activity and the overall understanding that its next interest rate move will be downward. The only question really for markets is, when will that happen? Some months ago, the markets were convinced that the March meeting will be "the one." The recent consumer price readings showed a slowdown of headline inflation to 2.6% in February, but service prices still rose by 3.9% for the month.

Persons: Christine Lagarde, Dirk Schumacher Organizations: European Central Bank, ECB Locations: Strasbourg, France, FRANKFURT

☆ Dollar steady ahead of Powell testimony, bitcoin takes breather
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-06 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +3 min

The U.S. dollar was largely steady on Wednesday, as traders avoided making large bets ahead of congressional testimony from Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell, as well as the European Central Bank's, or ECB, rate decision and U.S. jobs data later this week. In cryptocurrencies, bitcoin was slightly up but stayed below a record high reached in a volatile overnight session. Powell is expected to reinforce that the Fed will wait for more data before making any rate cuts. Elsewhere, the ECB is widely expected to leave interest rates at a record 4% at its policy meeting on Thursday. Markets are also keeping a close eye on the world's largest cryptocurrency, bitcoin , after it surged to a record high overnight before retreating sharply.

Persons: Jerome Powell, bitcoin, Powell's, Powell, Carol Kong, Sterling Organizations: U.S, Federal, European Central Bank, Institute for Supply Management, Traders, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, ECB Locations: U.S

☆ Dollar a spectator to China news, yen ponders rate risks
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-05 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +3 min

There was more action in bitcoin , which gained 1.2% to $68,341 after surging more than 7% on Monday. The Japanese yen held steady after data showed Tokyo core inflation sped up to 2.5% in February, from 1.8% the previous month. "Accordingly, we're sticking to our forecast that the Bank of Japan will hike interest rates into positive territory next month." The dollar was a fraction lower at 150.44 yen , having again shied away from resistance around 150.85, which has capped the currency for more than three months now. The European Central Bank, or ECB, holds a meeting on Thursday and markets are convinced it will keep rates at 4.0%.

Persons: Marcel Thieliant, Jerome Powell, Sterling, Jeremy Hunt Organizations: People's Congress, Bank of Japan's, Capital Economics, Bank of, Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, ECB, Westpac, . Finance Locations: China, Tokyo, Japan, bitcoin, United States, Beijing, Asia, Bank of Japan

☆ European markets head for negative open as sentiment struggles ahead of ECB meeting
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-05 | by ( Holly Ellyatt | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: 1 min

European stocks are heading for a lower open as markets struggle to find positive momentum ahead of the European Central Bank meeting later this week. The ECB is expected to hold interest rates steady on Thursday even as inflation shows more signs of easing. Asia-Pacific markets are mixed as China's "Two Sessions" meeting got under way, with investors watching out for the details of its economic plans after the country projected a gross domestic product growth target of "around 5%" for 2024. The country is set to boost its defense spending by 7.2% in 2024. U.S. stock futures ticked lower Monday night after the Nasdaq Composite retreated from its record high.

Organizations: European Central Bank, ECB, Nasdaq Locations: Asia, Pacific

☆ Dollar eases as Fed clues awaited; bitcoin hits 2-year high
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-04 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +3 min

U.S. one hundred dollar bills are being shown in this picture illustration taken in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on Dec. 15, 2023. The U.S. dollar drifted weaker on Monday, pressured by lower Treasury yields, as traders waited for more crucial economic data for fresh clues on the timing of Federal Reserve interest rate cuts. The U.S. dollar drifted weaker on Monday, pressured by lower Treasury yields, as traders waited for more crucial economic data for fresh clues on the timing of Federal Reserve interest rate cuts. The euro was firm following Friday's 0.33% advance, with a European Central Bank, or ECB, policy decision looming on Thursday. That also weighed on Treasury yields, removing additional support for the dollar, with the benchmark 10-year yield sliding as low as 4.178% for the first time in two weeks.

Persons: Bias, Jerome Powell's, Kazuo Ueda, Hajime Takata, Christine Lagarde's, Bitcoin Organizations: U.S, European Central Bank, Bank of, Treasury, Congress, Westpac, ECB Locations: Buenos Aires, Argentina

☆ A bigger pool of American workers could continue to slow inflation even further
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-03 | by ( Bryan Mena | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +7 min

Now, as the Federal Reserve faces the final stretch of its historic inflation battle, a bigger pool of workers could slow inflation even further. That then begs the question: How much more can better labor supply slow inflation? The US Labor Department releases January figures on job openings, quits, hires and layoffs. The US Labor Department reports the number of new applications for jobless benefits in the week ended March 2. China’s National Bureau of Statistics releases February inflation data.

Persons: Mary Daly, “, ” Sarah House, Michael Gapen, That’s, Jack Bantock, ’, ”, Richard Felton, Thomas, ’ ”, Patrick Harker, Ross, Nordstrom, Michael Barr, Campbell Soup, Foot, Jerome Powell, Loretta Mester Organizations: DC CNN, Federal Reserve, San Francisco Fed, National Association for Business Economics, Labor, CNN, Bank of America, White House’s Council, Economic Advisers, English Premier League, Chelsea, Burnley, Philadelphia Fed, Target, P Global, Institute for Supply Management, US Commerce Department, Abercrombie, Fitch, Financial Services, The Bank of Canada, US Labor Department, Broadcom, Costco, Eagle Outfitters, Potbelly, Banking, Housing, Urban Affairs, European Central Bank, Cleveland Fed, National Bureau of Statistics Locations: Washington, San, Wells, United States, London, JD.com, Kroger, Burlington, DocuSign

☆ European markets set for gains ahead of euro zone inflation data
▼ + stars: | 2024-03-01 | by ( Elliot Smith | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +1 min

A TV presenter gets ready for the daily reporting from the floor of the German share price index DAX at the stock exchange in Frankfurt, Germany, November 15, 2023. LONDON — European markets are set to open higher on Friday to start the new trading month after a winning February, with euro zone inflation data due mid-morning. The European stock index notched an all-time high last month, powered by the 11 GRANOLAS large-cap stocks that made up half of the gains across the entire Stoxx 600. Focus will turn Friday to February's flash euro zone inflation reading, expected at 10 a.m. London time, with economists in a Reuters poll predicting the consumer price index rose 2.5% year on year, down from 2.8% in January. German consumer price inflation on Thursday came in line with forecasts at 2.7% year on year.

Persons: DAX Organizations: LONDON, GSK, Roche, ASML, Nestle, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, L'Oreal, LVMH, AstraZeneca, SAP, Sanofi, Focus, European Central Bank, ECB, Fed Locations: Frankfurt, Germany, London

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