A large dent has also come from industrial sectors forced to curb output as high gas prices make production uneconomic with some firms shifting production to regions with cheaper energy.
FIGHT FOR SUPPLIESThe obvious way to boost supplies is through liquefied natural gas (LNG).
That may not happen next year, meaning Europe would face fierce competition for LNG that would drive up the cost.
Record high prices in Europe, however painful, helped the region to secure record volumes of LNG imports this year.
Benchmark European gas prices hit a peak in August of more than 300 euros/MWh.