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Parker Solar Probe is poised to make the closest approach to the sun attempted by a spacecraft in late December, while Solar Orbiter is tasked with taking the closest-ever images of the sun’s surface. What’s more, the Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe are studying the sun at close distances at an ideal time — during the peak of its annual cycle. “These new high-resolution maps from Solar Orbiter’s PHI instrument show the beauty of the Sun’s surface magnetic field and flows in great detail. A magnetogram shows the line-of-sight direction of the sun's magnetic field, which clusters around sunspots. Experts track increasing solar activity by counting how many sunspots appear on the sun’s surface.
Persons: Helioseismic, Parker, , Daniel Müller, Helioseismic Imager, European Space Agency Mark Miesch, Miesch, , Elsayed Talaat Organizations: CNN, Solar, Orbiter, European Space Agency, NASA, Probe, Parker, Solar Orbiter, Space Agency, National Oceanic, Prediction, Cooperative Institute for Research, Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Scientists, NOAA
CNN —November’s full moon, otherwise known as the beaver moon, will shine bright in the sky on Friday as the last supermoon of the year. In addition to observations from Earth, current space missions such as NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, which has been collecting data on the moon since 2009, help enhance our understanding of the moon, Petro said. For patient sky-gazers looking to spy a meteor, Lunsford recommends facing east with the moon out of your field of view. The Leonids will be seen blazing in the night sky until the shower’s finality on December 2, according to the American Meteor Society. If you are eager to see more, two upcoming meteor showers peak next month:Geminids: December 12-13Ursids: December 21-22
Persons: CNN —, Noah Petro, ” Petro, don’t, it’s, Petro, , , Robert Lunsford, Lunsford, Dogukan, ” Lunsford Organizations: CNN, American Meteor Society, NASA, Anadolu Agency, Getty, International Meteor Organization, , Farmers Locations: Northern, Southern, Ankara, Turkey
Magnetospheres are the protective bubbles around planets like Earth that have magnetic cores and magnetic fields, and they are driven by the planet’s magnetic field. Voyager 2’s data showed that Uranus’ magnetosphere was home to unexpectedly powerful electron radiation belts. Voyager 2’s observations of Uranus’ magnetosphere defied the way astronomers understand how magnetic fields trap energetic particles and their radiation. The first panel (left) of this artist's concept depicts how Uranus' protective magnetosphere behaved prior to Voyager 2's flyby. Fortunately, sending a dedicated mission to study Uranus in the future has become a priority for NASA, according to a report released in 2022.
Persons: , Jamie Jasinski, ” Jasinski, It’s, Linda Spilker, Spilker, ” Spilker, James Webb Organizations: CNN, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, JPL, Caltech, Orbiter, Probe Locations: Pasadena , California
CNN —If Earth’s astronomical observatories were to pick up a signal from outer space, it would require an all-hands-on-deck effort to untangle and decipher the extraterrestrial message. The message, decoded by Ken Chaffin and daughter Keli, is not static but is in motion as the white dots are arranged into the five amino acids. The message is not static but is in motion and only displays the arrangement for about one-tenth of a second. The project’s designers confirmed that amino acids are the intended message, but they are leaving the interpretation open. The project team intentionally created a complex message, with some team members predicting it could take weeks or even years to be decoded.
Persons: Ken Chaffin, Keli, Ken Chaffin Ken Chaffin, Daniela de Paulis, Baruch Blumberg, Robert C, , , Chaffin, Keli Chaffin, de Paulis, Paulis, they’re, , ” Keli Chaffin Organizations: CNN, SETI Institute, European Space Agency, Green Bank, Allen, Byrd Green Bank Telescope, Medicina Locations: View , California, Astrobiology, West Virginia, Mars, Northern California, Bologna, Italy
CNN —Sky-gazers around the world will be able to glimpse a partial lunar eclipse while September’s full harvest moon shines brightly Tuesday night. If you’re viewing the moon on Tuesday evening, for about an hour it will also appear as if a bite has been taken out of it due to a partial lunar eclipse. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when Earth moves between the sun and the full moon without being perfectly aligned. During a total lunar eclipse, Earth’s shadow can turn the moon’s surface a striking red color, which is known as a blood moon, according to NASA. The moon is seen through the clouds during a partial lunar eclipse over Caracas, Venezuela, early on November 8, 2022.
Persons: , Noah Petro, Artemis III, Federico Parra Organizations: CNN, NASA, Reconnaissance, Artemis, Saturn, Northern, American Meteor Society, Taurids Locations: Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, United States, Caracas, Venezuela, AFP, Chuseok
Pragyan made 23 measurements as it rolled along a 338-feet (103-meter) region of the lunar surface, located within 164 feet (50 meters) of Chandrayaan-3’s landing site, for about 10 days. The rover’s data marks the first measurements of elements within lunar soil near the south polar region. NASAThe first lunar samples collected during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 led researchers to the theory that the moon was once a molten ball of magma. The Pragyan rover, seen on Earth before being sent to the moon on Chandrayaan-3, used analytical tools to study lunar soil. APXSPOC, PRLPersistent lunar mysteriesThe mission proves why it is crucial to send spacecraft to different lunar regions to understand the history of the moon, Vadawale said.
Persons: Pragyan, Noah Petro, Artemis III, Petro, Santosh Vadawale, Vadawale, , Shiv Shakti, , ” Petro Organizations: CNN, NASA, Mercury, Apollo, Reconnaissance, Artemis, Physical Research Locations: India, Aitken, Ahmedabad
CNN —Data from a retired NASA mission has revealed evidence of an underground reservoir of water deep beneath the surface of Mars, according to new research. A team of scientists estimates that there may be enough water, trapped in tiny cracks and pores of rock in the middle of the Martian crust, to fill oceans on the planet’s surface. NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took an image of InSight sitting on the Martian surface on February 2, 2019. “It’s certainly true on Earth — deep, deep mines host life, the bottom of the ocean hosts life. Windows into Martian historyThe findings add a new piece to the Martian water puzzle.
Persons: , Vashan Wright, , Mars, orbiters, InSight’s seismometer, Wright, James Tuttle Keane, Aaron Rodriguez, Michael Manga, “ It’s, haven’t, Alberto Fairén, Fairén, Bruce Banerdt, we’re, Banerdt, al, ” Banerdt, , ” Wright Organizations: CNN, NASA, National Academy of Sciences, Reconnaissance Orbiter, JPL, Caltech, University of Arizona, University of California, Diego’s Scripps, of Oceanography, Mars, Interior Exploration, Transport, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of Maryland, Cornell University Locations: Mars, Berkeley
Venus atmosphere shows potential signs of life — again
  + stars: | 2024-07-29 | by ( Jacopo Prisco | ) edition.cnn.com   time to read: +11 min
“We’re a long way from saying this, but if there is life on Venus producing phosphine, we have no idea why it’s producing it. So finding them in the atmosphere of Venus is interesting on that basis as well. But further analysis of that data by Clements’ team revealed weak traces of the molecule, reinforcing the theory. “To date, our analyses remain unchallenged in the literature,” said Mogul, who was not involved in the research of Clements’ team. While detecting phosphine and ammonia in Venus’ clouds is exciting, it is just the beginning of a longer journey to unravel the mysteries of that planet’s atmosphere, he said.
Persons: James, Maxwell, “ There’s, , Dave Clements, , we’ve, Clements, ” Clements, Venus, Clements ’, Rakesh Mogul, Jane Greaves, NASA's, ” Greaves, Greaves, Javier Martin, Torres, Martín, Kate Pattle, ” Pattle, Pattle Organizations: CNN, Astronomical Society, Imperial College London, NASA, JPL, Caltech, Saturn, Venus, Telescope, California State Polytechnic University, ” Mogul, Cardiff University, Green Bank, Royal Astronomical Society, European Space Agency, University of Aberdeen, University College London Locations: Hull, England, Hawaii, SOFIA, ALMA, Pomona, United Kingdom, West Virginia
CNN —July’s full moon will shine bright in the sky this weekend — and lands near the anniversary of a special lunar event worth celebrating. The full moon — nicknamed the buck moon — will peak at 6:17 a.m. “The first moon landing was in the afternoon on (July 20, 1969), and then they did the moonwalk that night,” Petro said. Lunar discoveriesNASA’s Artemis program aims to return astronauts to the moon for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972. Petro recommends observing the full moon with these recent findings and future space missions in mind.
Persons: CNN —, It’s, Noah Petro, ” Petro, , Neil, Armstrong, Aldrin, Michael Collins, Petro, , Artemis III Organizations: CNN, Reconnaissance, Artemis, NASA, Farmers Locations: Northern, Southern
CNN —Scientists have long theorized the existence of lunar caves — underground passageways formed through volcanic processes that are connected to the pits covering the moon’s surface. Now, a team of international researchers has found the first direct evidence that the moon’s deepest known pit connects to a cave that could provide shelter to astronauts. “Lunar caves have remained a mystery for a long time. Future research and exploration of lunar caves could also provide new insight into the evolution of the moon and lunar volcanism, the authors note in the study. “Moreover, (lunar caves) can be an alternative or an integration to a base on the surface of the Moon,” he added.
Persons: , Leonardo Carrer, Lorenzo Bruzzone, , Tyler Horvath, ” Horvath, Horvath, Paul Hayne, Hayne, ” Hayne, Carrer, Noah Petro, Petro, Artemis III, “ LRO, ” Petro Organizations: CNN —, NASA Lunar Reconnaissance, University of Trento, Remote, NASA, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, University of California, Mare Tranquillitatis, University of Colorado, European Space Agency, Reconnaissance, Artemis Locations: United States, China, Italy, Los Angeles, Carrer, University of Colorado , Boulder, Hawaii, Canary Islands, Australia, Iceland
The team speculates that, given how they think this cave formed, there could be hundreds more hidden under the lunar surface. AdvertisementTo the moon cave and beyondExploring caves on the moon could offer a plethora of scientific data and resources for future space missions. There's also a chance that moon caves harbor water, a crucial resource for any future moon bases. Access to lunar water is key to NASA's plans to establish a permanent base on the moon and, eventually, use it to hopscotch astronauts to Mars. Bruzzone and his coauthors also noted that caves and lava tubes of different ages might act like fossilized records of the moon's history.
Persons: , Leonardo Carrer, Lorenzo Bruzzone, Wes Patterson, NASA's LRO, Tranquillitatis, Patterson, Caspar Benson, There's, Bruzzone Organizations: Service, University of Trento, Associated Press, Business, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, NASA, Arizona State, Reconnaissance, Getty, Australian Broadcasting Corporation Locations: American, Hawaii
CNN —Hundreds of basketball-size space rocks slam into Mars each year, leaving behind impact craters and causing rumblings across the red planet, according to new research. During its time on Mars, InSight used its seismometer to detect more than 1,300 marsquakes, which take place when the Martian subsurface cracks due to pressure and heat. Meteoroids are space rocks that have broken away from larger rocky bodies and range in size from dust grains to small asteroids, according to NASA. “We’re interested in studying that on Mars because we can then compare and contrast what’s happening on Mars to what’s happening on the Earth. Between 280 and 360 meteoroids hit the red planet each year, and they form impact craters larger than 26 feet (8 meters) across, according to the study.
Persons: , Ingrid Daubar, ” Daubar, NASA’s, “ We’re, Géraldine Zenhäusern, ” Zenhäusern, Natalia Wojcicka Organizations: CNN, NASA, Reconnaissance, JPL, Caltech, University of Arizona, Brown University, NASA’s Mars, Nature Communications, Switzerland’s ETH Zürich, Imperial College London’s Locations: Mars, Switzerland’s
Hong Kong CNN —China’s Chang’e-6 lunar module returned to Earth Tuesday, successfully completing its historic mission to collect the first ever samples from the far side of the moon in a major step forward for the country’s ambitious space program. “The Chang’e-6 lunar exploration mission has been a complete success,” said Zhang Kejian, head of the China National Space Administration (CNSA), from the control room. Once they receive the samples, Chinese scientists are expected to share data and carry out joint research with international partners, before Beijing later opens the samples for access by international teams, according to statements from CNSA officials. China and the US are not alone in eyeing the national prestige, potential scientific benefits, access to resources and further deep space exploration that successful moon missions could bring. Last year, India landed its first spacecraft on the moon, while Russia’s first lunar mission in decades ended in failure when its Luna 25 probe crashed into the moon’s surface.
Persons: China’s, , Zhang Kejian, Xi Jinping –, , zhong ”, Luna, James Head, Yuqi Qian, Artemis, Bill Nelson, ” Nelson Organizations: Hong Kong CNN, Tuesday, CCTV, China National Space Administration, CNN, Brown University, , University of Hong, International, NASA, Luna Locations: Hong Kong, Mongolia, United States, Beijing, China, Soviet, University of Hong Kong, India, Japan, Texas, Chang’e
Editor’s note: A version of this story appeared in CNN’s Wonder Theory science newsletter. Polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew of 27 men set off aboard the HMS Endurance in 1914. A search expedition found the HMS Endurance wreck in 2022, and now, another part of Shackleton’s legacy has been recovered. Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty ImagesAn international team of experts using sonar has located the exploration ship Quest, once captained by Shackleton, off the coast of Canada. — A botanist spotted a tiny plant species new to science growing in an unlikely place on the slopes of the Andes.
Persons: Sir Ernest Shackleton, Shackleton, Freeman Dyson, Dyson, George Wittemyer, , Mickey Pardo, ritualistically, Chichén Itzá, , Adomas Valantinas, Ashley Strickland, Katie Hunt Organizations: CNN, HMS, Quest, Central Press, Hulton, Cornell University, Olympus, ESA, Brown University, NASA, CNN Space, Science Locations: Antarctica, South Georgia, Canada, Kenya, Chichén, Yucatán, Everest, England, Australia
CNN —When the sun unleashed an extreme solar storm and hit Mars in May, it engulfed the red planet with auroras and an influx of charged particles and radiation, according to NASA. Solar radiation hits MarsThe most extreme storm occurred on May 20 after an X12 flare released from the sun, according to data collected by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft currently studying the sun. The Curiosity rover, currently exploring Gale Crater just south of the Martian equator, took black-and-white images using its navigation cameras during the solar storm. But Mars lost its magnetic field billions of years ago, which means the planet has no shield from incoming energized solar particles. By tracing the data from multiple Martian missions, scientists were able to watch how the solar storm unfolded.
Persons: Gale, , , Don Hassler, ” Auroras, Mars, Deborah Padgett, MAVEN, Christina Lee Organizations: CNN, NASA, Solar Orbiter, Goddard Space Flight, Mars, Caltech, JPL, Southwest Research, Exploration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory Locations: Northern California, Alabama, Greenbelt , Maryland, Boulder , Colorado, Pasadena , California
Mars Got Cooked by a Recent Solar Storm
  + stars: | 2024-06-13 | by ( Robin George Andrews | ) www.nytimes.com   time to read: 1 min
When they slammed into Earth’s magnetic bubble, the world was treated to iridescent displays of the northern and southern lights. But our planet wasn’t the only one in the solar firing line. A few days after Earth’s light show, another series of eruptions screamed out of the sun. This time, on May 20, Mars was blitzed by a beast of a storm. Observed from Mars, “this was the strongest solar energetic particle event we’ve seen to date,” said Shannon Curry, the principal investigator of NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution orbiter, or MAVEN, at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
Persons: Mars, , Shannon Curry Organizations: University of Colorado Locations: University of Colorado , Boulder
But there is a possibility that residual underground lava tubes may still exist. HUM Images/Getty ImagesIf these lava tubes are anything like Earth's, they could be the perfect place for astronauts to hunker down during their stay on Mars. It's unclear if lava tubes on Mars would also be this warm — it's not a stretch to imagine, just a challenge to confirm. But to be clear, just because there could be life in these pits, doesn't mean Mars definitely hosts extraterrestrials. "This is a good place to look, but we don't know if there's life on Mars at all," Johnson said.
Persons: , Brandon Johnson, Johnson, George Rose, Ross Beyer, Beyer, there's, it's Organizations: Service, University of Arizona, Business, NASA, JPL, Scientists, Purdue University, Olympus, SETI Institute, Goddard, Arizona State University, Reconnaissance Locations: Arizona, Tharsis, Hawaii
“Based on rough estimates, it’s about 150,000 metric tons of water ice, the equivalent of 60 Olympic swimming pools,” he said. The volcanoes are near the Mars equator, the warmest area of the planet, which makes a water discovery particularly intriguing, Valantinas said. “Mars is a desert planet, but there’s water ice in the polar caps, and there’s water ice in the midlatitudes. Now we also have water frost in the equatorial regions, and equatorial regions are quite dry in general. “If the frost on these volcanoes is confirmed to be water (and not carbon dioxide), it would be surprising,” he said.
Persons: Adomas Valantinas, , Ceraunius, Valantinas, CaSSIS, ” Valantinas, , Mars, John Bridges, ” Bridges, Taylor Perron, Cecil, Ida Green, Perron Organizations: CNN, Olympus, NASA, JPL, Brown University, University of Bern, Nature Geoscience, University of Bern’s, European Space Agency, Orbiter, ESA Mars Express, Stereo, Mars, ESA, University of Leicester, Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Locations: , Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Switzerland, Ascraeus, Russian, CaSSIS, United Kingdom
Hong Kong CNN —China’s Chang’e-6 lunar lander successfully touched down on the far side of the moon Sunday morning Beijing time, in a significant step for the ambitious mission that could advance the country’s aspirations of putting astronauts on the moon. China’s most complex robotic lunar endeavor to date, the uncrewed mission aims to return samples to Earth from the moon’s far side for the first time. The landing marks the second time a mission has successfully reached the far side of the moon. The probe will spend two days on the far side of the moon, and 14 hours to collect moon soil samples, Xinhua reported. Last year, India landed a spacecraft on the moon for the first time, while Russia’s first lunar landing mission in decades ended in failure when its Luna 25 probe crashed into the moon’s surface.
Persons: China’s Organizations: Hong Kong CNN, China National Space Administration, Xinhua, Luna, NASA Locations: Hong Kong, Beijing, Aitken, China, United States, Mongolia, India, Japan, Texas
The center, a division of the National Weather Service, issued a modern geomagnetic storm watch, known as a G2, for Friday and Saturday. Unlike the G5, or extreme geomagnetic storm, that occurred on May 10, moderate storm watches are not uncommon, according to the center. But the aurora-causing solar flares and coronal mass ejections currently spewing from the sun are a result of the same sunspots that triggered solar activity in May, according to Dr. Ryan French, solar physicist at the National Solar Observatory in Boulder, Colorado. “The frequency of things is decreasing, but you only need one to cause a large geomagnetic storm. The solar storm on May 10 was the most successfully mitigated space weather storm in history, Dahl said.
Persons: Ryan French, Lokman Vural, “ It’s, , Shawn Dahl, Dahl, ” Dahl, , That’s, there’s Organizations: CNN, United, National Oceanic, Prediction, National Weather Service, Anadolu Agency, Getty, Solar Dynamics, auroras, , European Space Agency Locations: United States, Midwest, New York, Idaho, Boulder , Colorado, Rochester , New York, Sweden, South Africa
They’re also going to be communicating with one another or driving their moon buggies while on the lunar surface. Lunar clockworkWhat scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon. Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said. Focke Strangmann/APThe new time scale would underpin an entire lunar network, which NASA and its allies have dubbed LunaNet. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
Persons: aren’t, Cheryl Gramling, NASA’s, Gramling, Omer Tarsuslu, They’re, ” Gramling, Albert Einstein, Paco, Sao, Sundials, , , Bruce Betts, Kevin Coggins, you’ve, ” Coggins, , Bijunath, Patla, ” Patla, Focke Strangmann, It’s, “ It’s, Betts, Artemis III, Arizona State University “ It’ll Organizations: CNN, NASA, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight, Getty, White, Astronauts, Planetary Society, NASA’s Space Communications, Navigation, US National Institute of Standards, Technology, Vehicles, Physical, National, European Space Agency, International Astronomical Union, Reconnaissance, Arizona State University Locations: United States, China, Maryland, Kars, Turkey, Anadolu, German, Sao Miguel, Evora , Portugal, Germany, Malapert Massif
This incident serves as an example of the urgent need for a profound shift toward sustainable space practices. Proponents of a circular space economy advocate for a transformative departure from this wasteful paradigm. Much like embracing reusable materials on Earth, transitioning to a circular space economy means designing space systems with reuse, refurbishment and recyclability in mind. The European Space Agency (ESA) has emerged as a trailblazer in the pursuit of a circular space economy. By leading the charge toward sustainable space practices, NASA can inspire other space agencies and private companies to follow suit.
Persons: Moriba Jah, Otero, Moriba Jah Mark Thiessen, wasn’t, I’m, Artemis Organizations: MacArthur Fellowship, University of Texas, CNN, Space, European Space Agency, ESA, NASA, Space Shuttle, Twitter, Facebook Locations: Austin, Naples , Florida, Naples
China's new teaser for its lunar base appeared to show a NASA Space Shuttle taking off. The Space Shuttle was later blurred out in a state media version of the CGI video. AdvertisementA new concept video showcasing China's planned lunar base appeared to feature a NASA Space Shuttle lifting off from the facility — a detail that was then omitted in a later broadcast of the clip. Related storiesIt's unclear if showing a Space Shuttle was intended by China's space administration, but the spacecraft using a Chinese base in 2045 would be nearly impossible. Beijing says it plans for its international lunar base to be built jointly by other countries as a collaborative effort.
Persons: , CNSA, It's, Artemis Organizations: NASA Space Shuttle, Shuttle, Service, China National Space Administration, Research, American, NASA, Space, Orbiter, Getty, Orion Spacecraft, Elon, SpaceX, International Space, Space Shuttle, Business Insider Locations: China, Beijing
“The far side of the moon is very different from the near side,” said Li Chunlai, China National Space Administration deputy chief designer. The Yutu-2 lunar rover took an image of the Chang'e-4 lunar probe on the far side of the moon on January 11, 2019. Far side mysteriesDespite years of orbital data and samples collected during six of the Apollo missions, scientists are still trying to answer key questions about the moon. Hector Retamal/AFP/Getty ImagesChang’e-6 is just one mission heading to the moon’s far side as NASA has plans to send robotic missions there as well. Cracking the lunar codeOne of the most fundamental questions that scientists have tried to answer is how the moon formed.
Persons: Von, hasn’t, , Li Chunlai, David Trone, Bill Nelson, ” Nelson, “ We’re, Pink Floyd, Renu Malhotra, Louise Foucar, we’ve, Noah Petro, Artemis III, , ” Petro, Artemis, Malhotra, Brett Denevi, ” Denevi, Hector Retamal, Denevi, Aitken, “ it’s, CNN’s Wayne Chang Organizations: CNN, China National Space Administration, NASA, Louise Foucar Marshall Science Research, Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Apollo, Reconnaissance, Artemis, Soviet Union, Johns Hopkins, Getty Locations: China, Tucson, AFP, Hainan Province
China’s planned 53-day mission would see the Chang’e-6 lander touch down in a gaping crater on the moon’s far side, which never faces Earth. China became the first and only country to land on the moon’s far side during its 2019 Chang’e-4 mission. Ambitious missionThe Chang’e-6 probe will be a key test for China’s space capabilities in its effort to realize leader Xi Jinping’s “eternal dream” of building the country into a space power. This time, to communicate with Earth from the moon’s far side, Chang’e-6 must rely on the Queqiao-2 satellite, launched into lunar orbit in March. This time, China has said the Chang’e-6 mission will carry scientific instruments or payloads from France, Italy, Pakistan and the European Space Agency.
Persons: China’s, , Ge Ping, Xi Jinping’s, James Head, Luo Yunfei, Bill Nelson, , ” Nelson Organizations: Hong Kong CNN, China, Space Administration’s, of Lunar Exploration, Space Engineering, Brown University, China News Service, Luna, NASA, European Space Agency Locations: China, Hong Kong, Hainan, United States, Russia, Chang’e, India, Japan, Texas, France, Italy, Pakistan
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