The survey by Spain's human rights ombudsman, part of a report presented to parliament on Friday, questioned just over 8,000 people.
The document criticised the Church for not cooperating more fully with the investigation and seeking to "minimise the phenomenon".
A spokesperson for the Church in Spain declined to comment on the report.
The ombudsman's report, which found that nearly 65% of those abused were male, also called for the creation of a state fund to compensate victims.
Reporting by Charlie Devereux, Emma Pinedo, Marco Antonio Trujillo and Susana Vera; editing by John StonestreetOur Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
Persons:
Fernando Garcia, Garcia, Salmones, Angel Gabilondo, Pedro Sanchez, Charlie Devereux, Emma Pinedo, Marco Antonio Trujillo, Susana Vera, John Stonestreet
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Reuters, Church, Thomson
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Madrid, Spain, MADRID, United States, Ireland, France, El Pais