She will be succeeded by former Transport Secretary Grant Shapps, Downing Street confirmed roughly an hour after her announcement.
Notably, Shapps did not back Prime Minister Liz Truss in this summer's leadership race and has criticized some of her policies.
In a resignation letter posted to Twitter, Braverman said, "It is with the greatest regret that I am choosing to tender my resignation."
In a letter to Braverman posted on the Downing Street website, Truss wrote: "I accept your resignation and respect the decision you have made.
Braverman ran against Truss for the Conservative leadership race this summer but was knocked out in an early stage.