Biden sat down in the Oval Office with House of Representatives Speaker McCarthy, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries and Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell.
"We're just getting started," Biden told reporters just after 3 p.m. EDT (2000 GMT), before ushering them out the door so the meeting could begin.
Biden is trying to reach a debt ceiling deal by June 1 to lift the threat of economic calamity.
The White House announced Biden may be forced to skip a stop in Australia during an Asia trip due to the debt limit drama.
"We can raise the debt ceiling if we limit what we're going to spend in the future," McCarthy told reporters.