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(Higher interest rates tend to boost the value of a currency by attracting more capital from abroad as investors seek bigger returns.) “Investors are bracing for tariffs… which will push up the price of imported goods for American shoppers,” she wrote in a note Wednesday. The pain of Trump’s tariffs will be felt far beyond US borders. “We also believe that Trump could decide to implement even higher tariffs on economies that run large trade surpluses with the US,” BMI analysts wrote in a note Wednesday. “Donald Trump’s economic course will pose major problems for Germany and the European Union,” the institute said.
Persons: Donald Trump, Matthew Ryan, Susannah Streeter, Hargreaves, , Trump’s, Trump, ” Nomura, Philip Shaw, Ellie Henderson, Streeter, Anthony Kettle, , Spencer Platt, “ Donald Trump’s Organizations: London CNN, Republican, Senate, CNN, Federal Reserve, Trump, , RBC Global Asset Management, BMI, Fitch Solutions, Port, Getty, European Union, Ifo Institute for Economic Research Locations: United States, Mexico, China, Germany, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Newark, New Jersey, Munich
An uptick in personal care spending could be a sign US consumers are feeling more confident. Better-than-expected retail sales last month point to a coming "treat yourself economy." Those rising numbers point to a trend that Washington Post reporter Heather Long dubbed the "treat yourself economy" in a conversation with Marketplace last week. AdvertisementIt's an expensive trend that may have been less achievable a year or two ago when personal care spending was down nationwide. "Consumers are more willing to spend on the luxury or higher-quality personal care items they avoided during the downturn, such as high-end hair care or designer skincare goods."
Persons: , Heather Long, Long, Peter C, Earle Organizations: Service, Washington Post, American Institute for Economic Research, Wall Street Locations: Utah
The Fed looks like it's following the same path it did in 1995, according to TS Lombard. It's also great news for stocks, as the S&P 500 more than doubled in value that decade. AdvertisementThe Fed is following a 30-year-old playbook with its interest rate moves — and that's good news for the US economy, according to TS Lombard. Stocks soared a day after the big rate cut. Despite wobbling in the hours after the Fed's rate move, the major indexes hit fresh records in Thursday trades.
Persons: It's, , Dario Perkins, Perkins, Stocks Organizations: TS Lombard, Service, Fed, American Institute for Economic Research, Cleveland Fed
Last week, UniCredit announced it had taken a 9% stake in Commerzbank, confirming that half of this shareholding was acquired from the government. Commerzbank shares jumped 20% on the day UniCredit's stake was announced. A cross-border styled merger between UniCredit and Commerzbank would be more preferential than a domestic merger between Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank, according to Reint Gropp, president of the Hall Institute for Economic Research. "The German banking structure is long overdue for a consolidation process. The German bank also has less excess capital than UniCredit and therefore "cannot really afford" a takeover, Alloatti said.
Persons: Kirill Kudryavtsev, UniCredit, Andrea Orcel, Commerzbank, Orcel, Ignacio Cerezo, Berenberg, David Benamou, Benamou, CNBC's, Arnaud Journois, Journois, Emmanuel Macron, Reint Gropp, Gropp, Filippo Alloatti, Hermes, Alloatti, We've Organizations: Afp, Getty, Bloomberg, Reuters, UniCredit, Wednesday, UBS, Investments, European, Morningstar, Commerzbank, Analysts, CNBC, Deutsche Bank, Hall Institute for Economic Research, Will Deutsche Bank, ABN Amro Locations: Frankfurt, Germany, Commerzbank, Berlin, Italian, U.S, Europe, UniCredit, Italy
A "Buy Treasury bonds" poster is seen at a bank in Haian, East China's Jiangsu province, Aug 1, 2024. "We remain actively bullish," said a bond fund manager, undeterred by unprecedented government moves to cool the sizzling treasury market and arrest a plunge in yields, which move inversely to prices. Falling yields also complicate the People's Bank of China's (PBOC) efforts to stabilize the weakening yuan. Unlike the West, "China's financial markets, including the bond market, are subject to top-down regulation," said Ryan Yonk, economist with the American Institute for Economic Research. Late on Friday, the central bank said it will gradually increase the purchase and sale of treasury bonds in its open market operations.
Persons: Wang Hongfei, Ryan Yonk, Pan Gongsheng, Kiyong Seong, Tan Yiming Organizations: Bank of China's, American Institute for Economic Research, Societe Generale, Minsheng Securities Locations: Haian, East China's Jiangsu, Beijing, Shanghai, China, Asia
More than in any other foreign arena, Vance has sought to echo Trump on the Ukraine war. In doing so, he emphasized the thick vein of “scarcity politics” that runs through his foreign policy, arguing that the U.S. can’t equip Ukraine with enough materiel to hold back an opponent as vast as Russia. Vance described Ukraine ceding territory to Vladimir Putin as being in “America’s best interest” while appearing more supportive than Trump of remaining in NATO. The foreign policy views of Pence, vice president when Trump was in office, while not loved by everyone, were at least “mature” — they were informed by several terms experiencing the consequences of foreign policy becoming reality, according to Daniel Kurtzer, a former U.S. ambassador to Israel and now a professor at Princeton. Vance, on the other hand, brings “no foreign policy experience, certainly no expertise,” Kurtzer says, and he will fall in behind his boss when needed.
Persons: JD Vance, Donald Trump, , , Vance, Clayton Allen, , Anna Moneymaker, Trump, Bronwen Maddox, “ He’s, ” Allen, Biden, Vladimir Putin, Chatham House’s Maddox, Joe Biden, ” Vance, Patrick Baz, doesn’t, William Ruger, Israel, — Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, Viktor Orban, ” Trump, Stephen Maturen, Vance “, Dick, Cheney ”, George W, Allen, Hitler, Mike Pence, Pence, Daniel Kurtzer, ” Kurtzer, Benjamin Netanyahu, Charles Hollis, Hollis, Trump’s, ’ ”, Maddox, Grover Cleveland Organizations: Marines, Yale Law School, Gaza, Ohio, GOP, Eurasia Group, Republican Party, NATO, Republican National Convention, Democrat, Republicans, NAFTA, China, Getty, American Institute for Economic Research, Kremlin, Bloomberg, Trump, Princeton, United, Aperio Intelligence Locations: Iraq, U.S, Ukraine, Sierra Vista, London, Kyiv, Russia, lockstep, Europe, Mexico, Baghdad’s, Owerij, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Great Barrington , Massachusetts, Ukrainian, Taiwan, , St Cloud, Minn, Israel, China, Gaza, Saudi Arabia, Iran, United States, Montezuma, Canada
Share Share Article via Facebook Share Article via Twitter Share Article via LinkedIn Share Article via EmailWe could see a rate cut later this summer on the basis of weakening employment: AIER's Peter EarlePeter Earle, American Institute for Economic Research senior economist, and Brendan Duke, Center for American Progress senior director for economic policy and former White House National Economic Council senior policy adviser, join 'Squawk Box' to discuss the state of the economy, the Fed's inflation fight, rate path outlook, and more.
Persons: AIER's Peter Earle Peter Earle, Brendan Duke Organizations: American Institute for Economic Research, Center, American Progress, White, National Economic Council
Share Share Article via Facebook Share Article via Twitter Share Article via LinkedIn Share Article via EmailEU election 'results in Germany destabilize the already unstable coalition': FratzscherMarcel Fratzscher, the president of the German Institute for Economic Research, speaks to CNBC's Annette Weisbach following the EU election result.
Persons: Fratzscher Marcel Fratzscher, CNBC's Annette Weisbach Organizations: EU, German Institute for Economic Research Locations: Germany
The SPD lost support from the 2019 election, winning just 13.9% of the latest votes. Incremental gains meanwhile turned Germany's opposition, the CDU (Christian democrats), into the strongest party, with 23.7% of support. At a national level, the AfD was last ahead of the SPD and in second place overall, according to a leading general election poll. Earlier this year, one of Krah's employees who was based in the European Parliament was arrested for allegedly spying on the parliament for China. watch nowThe AfD's second-in-line for the European Parliament, Petr Bystron, faced allegations of bribery and money laundering, which were linked to Russia and to spreading pro-Kremlin propaganda.
Persons: Olaf Scholz, Koenig Heinrich, Ying Tang, Maximilian Krah, Krah, Petr Bystron, What's, Scholz, Marcel Fratzscher, Scholz's, Emmanuel Macron, Fratzscher, Holger Schmieding Organizations: SPD, Union, Scholz's SPD, Greens, CDU, Nazi regime's SS, Parliament, ZDF, German Institute for Economic Research, CNBC, Deutsche Bank Locations: Duisburg, Germany, France's Rassemblement, China, Russia
Experts react to April’s PPI report
  + stars: | 2024-05-14 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com   time to read: 1 min
Share Share Article via Facebook Share Article via Twitter Share Article via LinkedIn Share Article via EmailExperts react to April’s PPI reportPeter Earle, senior economist at the American Institute for Economic Research; Kitty Richards, senior fellow at Groundwork Collaborative; and CNBC's Rick Santelli join 'Squawk Box' to react to April's PPI data.
Persons: Peter Earle, Kitty Richards, Rick Santelli Organizations: PPI, American Institute for Economic Research
Patrick Pleul | Picture Alliance | Getty ImagesGermany's housebuilding sector has gone from bad to worse in recent months. "The housebuilding sector is, I would say, a little bit in a confidence crisis," Dominik von Achten, chairman of German building materials company Heidelberg Materials, told CNBC's "Squawk Box Europe" on Thursday. In January both the current sentiment and expectations for the German residential construction sector fell to all-time lows, according to data from the Ifo Institute for Economic Research. The business climate reading fell to a negative 59 points, while expectations dropped to negative 68.9 points in the month. Habeck pointed to higher interest rates as a key challenge for the economy, explaining that those had led to reduced investments, especially in the construction sector.
Persons: Patrick Pleul, Dominik von Achten, CNBC's, Klaus Wohlrabe, Robert Habeck, Wohlrabe, It's, Achten Organizations: Getty, Heidelberg Materials, Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Hamburg Commercial Bank, PMI, Climate Locations: Germany, Ifo, Heidelberg
Can Germany’s sputtering economy be revived in 2024?
  + stars: | 2024-02-10 | by ( Hanna Ziady | ) edition.cnn.com   time to read: +11 min
Europe’s biggest economy shrank last year for the first time since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. And the outlook isn’t much brighter: the International Monetary Fund predicts that Germany will be the slowest-growing major economy in 2024, eking out an increase of just 0.5%. “Germany needs a fundamental economic transformation,” Marcel Fratzcher, president of the German Institute for Economic Research in Berlin, told CNN. Carsten Koall/Getty ImagesHomegrown troublesAlongside an external environment that has become more hostile to Germany’s outward-facing economy, the country’s internal political climate has worsened. Businesses such as these, which can find new markets and applications for their know-how, may hold the key to reviving Germany’s moribund economy.
Persons: What’s, ” Marcel Fratzcher, , Carsten Brzeski, Jens Schlueter, Constanze Stelzenmuller, Christian Lindner, Olaf Scholz, Robert Habeck, Carsten Koall, Michael Probst, Karl Haeusgen, ” Sebastian Shukla, Chris Stern Organizations: London CNN — Trains, Lufthansa, International Monetary Fund, European Union, European Commission, German Institute for Economic Research, CNN, ING, Brookings Institution, Volkswagen, Biden, Free Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party and, Green Party, Deutsche, LinkedIn, Investors, SAP, chipmaker Infineon, Intel, MAN Energy Solutions, Germany’s Machinery, Equipment Manufacturers Association Locations: Europe’s, Germany, Ukraine, Berlin, Europe, China, Zwickau, United States, Russia, , Japan, masse, Frankfurt, , Hamburg, Jungheinrich, Augsburg, Munich, Esbjerg, Denmark
London CNN —Germany is bracing for widespread disruption to rail services after train drivers embarked on a record six-day strike Wednesday, which will further strain crucial supply chains and deal a new blow to the sputtering economy. The state-owned rail operator said the action would cause “massive disruptions” to long-distance, regional and city commuter services until Monday. That was a major drag on the economy overall, with gross domestic product falling 0.3% in 2023, likely the weakest performance among Europe’s big countries. The strike represents “a major logistical challenge” for the chemical and pharmaceutical sector, the German Chemicals Industry Association told CNN. Germany’s supply chains are already struggling because of attacks on ships in the Red Sea.
Persons: Joerg Kraemer, , , Anja, GDL, Claus Weselsky, Tesla, Michael Groemling, Chris Stern Organizations: London CNN —, Germany’s, Deutsche Bahn, Freight, Deutsche Bahn’s, German Chemicals Industry Association, CNN, German Association of, Automotive Industry, Tuesday Deutsche Bahn, Cologne Institute, Economic Research Locations: London CNN — Germany, Germany, Germany’s, , Red, Berlin
German budget crisis will haunt economy for years
  + stars: | 2023-11-24 | by ( Pierre Briancon | ) www.reuters.com   time to read: +4 min
LONDON, Nov 24 (Reuters Breakingviews) - The German government is working hard to demonstrate the foolishness of the country’s iron-clad ban on large budget deficits. The budget crisis will cripple the economy for years to come, for three reasons. The debt brake, which limits structural budget deficits to 0.35% of GDP, has only been suspended for this year’s budget. Public net investment has been negative for 20 years, Marcel Fratzscher, head of the German Institute for Economic Research, has pointed out. The country is not on the cusp of a debt crisis.
Persons: Carsten Brzeski, That’s, Marcel Fratzscher, Christian Lindner, Lindner, George Hay, Streisand Neto Organizations: Reuters, Constitutional, Organisation for Economic Co, Development, ING, German Economic Institute, Public, German Institute for Economic Research, German, Germany’s, Thomson Locations: Europe, Berlin
Fast forward two years, and German housebuilding looks like it's collapsing, putting pressure on both his hard-to-reach goal, but also the overall economy of the country. Over 22% of companies surveyed reported the cancellation of residential construction projects in Germany in October, a new record high. Expectations for the residential construction industry fell to what the Ifo described as an "exceptional low." "Things continue to go from bad to worse in Germany's construction sector. But it's also the jobs market that could be impacted by troubles in the homebuilding sector, Brzeski noted.
Persons: Soeren, Germany's Olaf Scholz, , Cyrus de la Rubia, Carsten Brzeski, Brzeski, Klaus Wohlrabe, Wohlrabe, it's Organizations: Getty, Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Hamburg Commercial Bank, German Federal, Office, ING, CNBC, European Central Bank, ECB, European Commission Locations: downtown Wittenberg, Germany, Hamburg
Why It Matters: A Restraint on Germany’s Green Ambitions. The Climate Transformation Fund has €212 billion dedicated to projects from 2024 to 2027. The court ruled that it must now be reduced by €60 billion, the money added from unused pandemic funds. Heart of the Issue: Germany’s ‘Debt Brake’Germany is the only leading industrial economy to have a so-called debt brake written into its constitution. “The circumvention of the debt brake is becoming increasingly absurd,” said Marcel Fratzscher, head of the German Institute for Economic Research, a Berlin-based think tank.
Persons: , Marcel Fratzscher, Organizations: , German Institute for Economic Research, Social Democrats, Greens, Free Democrats Locations: Germany, Berlin, Ukraine
What Is a Soft Landing?
  + stars: | 2023-11-02 | by ( Aly J. Yale | ) www.wsj.com   time to read: +4 min
But whether the central bank can meet its dual-objectives of slowing price growth and avoiding a recession—dubbed a “soft landing” by economists—remains to be seen. Threading that needle has proven to be quite elusive.”What is a soft landing? “The alternative to a soft landing is a hard landing,” Cirksena says. “How ‘soft’ that ‘soft landing’ is among citizens could vary widely,” he says. Will the Fed achieve a soft landing this time?
Persons: Aly J, , , David Johnston, Bank of Japan —, Aaron Cirksena, you’ll, ” Cirksena, Peter C, Earle, Jerome Powell, Organizations: Yale, Federal Reserve, Wealth Management, European Central Bank, Bank of, MDRN, American Institute for Economic Research, Fed, Bank of America, Wall Street, National Bureau of Economic Research Locations: Flemington, N.J, U.S, Bank of Japan, Annapolis, Md
Video calls are broadly considered proxies for face-to-face meetings and therefore are currently subject to little or no formal record-keeping obligations. At least two major global banks are now recording Zoom calls, said sources with knowledge of the matter, who declined to be named because the information is not public. One bank is recording Zoom calls undertaken by certain staff, including traders, while the other is recording all Zoom calls so content can be reviewed later if needed. FINRA declined to comment on how many firms were subject to the rule or whether the rule also extended to video calls. Video calls pose "unique risks" and technology needed to efficiently screen video calls is not widely used, said Matt Smith, CEO of communications surveillance firm SteelEye.
Persons: Dado Ruvic, Brad Levy, Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Matthew Nunan, Gibson, Dunn, Morgan Stanley, Sarah Pritchard, Claire Garrett, Michael Watling, Seward, FINRA, Matt Smith, Ryan, Yonk, Symphony's Levy, Chris Prentice, Michelle Price, Huw Jones, Sharon Singleton Organizations: REUTERS, U.S . Securities, Exchange Commission, SEC, Finance, Reuters, U.S, EMEA, Microsoft, Britain's, Authority, HSBC, Bloomberg, U.S . Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Employees, American Institute for Economic Research, Washington D.C, Thomson Locations: Marsh, U.S, New York, Washington, London
Interest rates on traditionally "safer" investments like Treasury bonds are high. Economist Thomas Hogan of the American Institute for Economic Research recently pointed out this upside to the interest rates and how it is helping Americans. "Now, interest rates on US Treasury bonds are at the highest in more than a decade, giving savers a safe, stable place to store their money." If long-term interest rates remain elevated because of higher term premiums, there may be less need to raise the fed funds rate. However, to the extent that strength in the economy is behind the increase in long-term interest rates, the FOMC may need to do more."
Persons: , Thomas Hogan, Hogan, Jerome Powell, Kevin Dietsch, Tim Hayes, Lorie Logan, Logan Organizations: Service, Treasury, American Institute for Economic Research, Federal, NDR, U.S, Supreme, Dallas Locations: Israel
Business sentiment has recently deteriorated again and overall, the indicators suggest that production fell noticeably in the third quarter of 2023, the economic institutes said. GDP is expected to shrink by 0.4% in the third quarter, following stagnation in the second quarter. For 2024, the institutes - four German and one Austrian - forecast GDP growth of 1.3%, down from 1.5% previously. In the following years, a decreasing potential growth rate due to the shrinking labour force will become more and more apparent, the economic institutes said. The Joint Economic Forecasts are prepared by the Ifo Institute, the Halley Institute for Economic Research, the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research and the Austrian Institute of Economic Research.
Persons: Kai Pfaffenbach, Oliver Holtemoeller, Maria Martinez, Friederike Heine Our Organizations: REUTERS, Rights, Reuters, Halle Institute for Economic Research, Ifo Institute, Halley Institute for Economic Research, Kiel Institute, Institute for Economic Research, Austrian Institute of Economic Research, Thomson Locations: Frankfurt, Germany
Growth of 0.3% had been expected in the institutes' spring forecasts. The so-called Joint Economic Forecasts are to be presented in Berlin on Thursday. The economics ministry usually updates its forecasts incorporating the results of the Joint Economic Forecasts. For 2024, the institutes - four German and one Austrian - forecast GDP growth of 1.3%, down from 1.5% previously. The Joint Economic Forecasts are prepared by the Ifo Institute, the Halle Institute for Economic Research, the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research and the Austrian Institute of Economic Research.
Persons: Annegret, Christian Kraemer, Rene Wagner, Maria Martinez, Rachel Armstrong, Kirsti Knolle, Sharon Singleton Organizations: REUTERS, Rights, Reuters, Ifo Institute, Halle Institute for Economic Research, Kiel Institute, Institute for Economic Research, Austrian Institute of Economic Research, Thomson Locations: Berlin, Germany
The Viking Star cruise ship is moored at Greenwich with the City of London financial district in the distance, in London, Britain, August 29, 2023. It is absolutely the time for action over words," Alasdair Haynes, CEO of Aquis Exchange, a share trading platform, and chair of financial industry body TheCityUK's Business Council, told Reuters. The main problem for trade bodies is the vast scope of Britain's financial services industry, with each sub-sector and TheCityUK presenting their own reform priorities and ideas, often overlapping. In the meantime, top financial sector executives running global teams of bankers and traders are increasingly bewildered by Britain's inability to make faster progress on a matter of such economic significance. ELECTION LOOMINGSome senior financial industry sources say politics may hamper the City's reform agenda even further, with a general election expected next year.
Persons: Kevin Coombs, Alasdair Haynes, Jeremy Hunt, Nicholas Lyons, TheCityUK, ” Samuel Gregg, Richard Gardner, Huw Jones, Sinead Cruise, Hugh Lawson Organizations: Viking, City, REUTERS, London’s, Mayor, European Union, Aquis, Business, Reuters, Finance, stoke, of, Arm Holdings, Labour, Conservative, American Institute for Economic Research, Investment Funds Association, EU, Thomson Locations: Greenwich, London, Britain, Europe, Asia, United States, Edinburgh, of London, New York, Amsterdam, City, France
Arm Holdings, the British semiconductor and software maker, is set to go public on Thursday in the biggest initial public offering of 2023. This isn't the first time Arm shares have been available to the public. In its F-1 filing to go public, Arm said its CPUs "run the vast majority of the world's software." That would make Arm stock impressively expensive compared to peers in the tech sector. That said, while Arm shares are looking expensive today, if the company lives up to its high expectations, then the price begins to look more reasonable.
Persons: SoftBank, Arm, it's, Seth Farbman, ARM's, Farbman, Matt Bryson, he's, Bryson, Peter C, Earle, We've, It's Organizations: Arm Holdings, Bank of America, SoftBank, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, Nvidia, ARM, Apple, Google, AMD, Samsung, VStock, Intel, Wedbush Securities, American Institute for Economic Research, IPOs, China Arm's Locations: China
London CNN —It’s been nearly two decades since Germany shrugged off its “sick man of Europe” label with a series of labor market reforms that ushered in years of economic outperformance. Sticky inflation and three straight quarters of falling or stagnating output have put Europe’s biggest economy in the doldrums. “Sticky” inflation is eroding Germans’ purchasing power, fueling “pessimism among households,” according to Thomas Obst, senior economist at the Cologne Institute for Economic Research. “[German] industrial order books have emptied over the last 12 months,” Carsten Brzeski, global head of macroeconomic research at ING, told CNN. “Germany is in a very singular position.”Bright spotsHolger Schmieding, the economist who first called Germany the “sick man of Europe” in 1998, thinks the “current wave of pessimism” over its economy is overdone.
Persons: London CNN — It’s, Stefan Kooths, Europe ”, Kooths, Thomas Obst, Obst, , Klaus Wohlrabe, Frank Soellner, ” Carsten Brzeski, Sam Reeves, Brzeski, David Hecker, Holger Schmieding, Schmieding, Organizations: London CNN, International Monetary Fund, Kiehl Institute, Cologne Institute, Economic Research, CNN, European Central Bank, ifo, Volkswagen, Siemens, Global, ING, Getty, China Locations: Germany, Europe, Berlin, ifo, Bad, China, Duisburg, AFP, Ukraine, Australia, France
Moscow's actions have deprived many foreign investors of the ability to trade in Russian securities, including depositary receipts. Investors are worried about future copycat actions by other governments who might look to reduce foreign influence over their leading companies. Depositary receipts, or DRs, are certificates issued by a bank representing shares in a foreign company traded on a local stock exchange. But events in Russia have forced many investors to write down the value of depositary receipts of Russian companies to zero, given their inability to trade them. CONSEQUENCESLoss of confidence in DRs could drain needed foreign capital from firms in emerging economies, for instance.
Persons: Dado Ruvic, Peter C, Earle, Christopher Day, Michael Ashley Schulman, Goldman Sachs, III, Detsky Mir, Goldman, Otkrytie, Schulman, Grzegorz Drozdz, Malcolm Dorson, Sinead Cruise, Carolina Mandl, David Gregorio Our Organizations: REUTERS, Global, American Institute for Economic Research, Reuters, Citigroup, Companies, Citi ., Reuters Graphics, DR, Investors, Doliver Advisors, Running, Capital Advisors, Conotoxia, Russian, Thomson Locations: Moscow, Ukraine, Brazil, China, Russia, GDR, GDRs, United States, Britain, London, Carolina, New York
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