The Bank of England also raised its key interest rate by a further half-percentage point on Thursday and indicated more hikes were likely.
"Both the Fed and ECB delivering more hawkish rate steers are compounding recession fears," said Joe Manimbo, senior market analyst at Convera in Washington.
Powell was also particularly hawkish in his comments, noting that ongoing rate hikes are appropriate to get sufficiently restrictive.
In afternoon trading, the dollar rose to two-week highs against the yen, and last traded up 1.6% at 137.665 .
Sterling also fell sharply as investors believe the BOE is nearing the end of its rate hikes.