I talked to Brendan Doherty, a professor of political science at the United States Naval Academy and author of the books, “The Rise of the President’s Permanent Campaign” and “Fundraiser in Chief: Presidents and the Politics of Campaign Cash,” about why early presidents stayed off the trail and how this became the permanent campaign. Our conversation, conducted by email, is below:WOLF: Why didn’t early presidents personally campaign? DOHERTY: In the early decades of the republic, presidential candidates adhered to the norm that they should not actively campaign for office. DOHERTY: While early presidential candidates didn’t actively campaign, their supporters got the word out on their behalf. DOHERTY: Modern presidents campaign for themselves and for their fellow party members throughout their term in office.

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Persons: Donald Trump, he’d, ”, Trump, “, Joe Biden, —, Brendan Doherty, DOHERTY, WOLF, didn’t, Andrew Johnson, Johnson, William Jennings Bryan, Republican William McKinley, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Harry S, George Skadding, John F, Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, Herbert Hoover, Reagan, hadn’t, it’s Organizations: CNN, “, United States Naval Academy, Newspapers, Democratic, Republican, Truman, Catholic, White, Wisconsin and, Ronald, Electoral, Technological Locations: York, Pennsylvania , Michigan, Wisconsin, Florida, New Jersey, Wisconsin and West Virginia, Fairfield , Connecticut