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☆ Last letters from Japan’s young kamikaze pilots offer rare WWII insights
▼ + stars: | 2024-01-15 | by ( Brad Lendon | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +10 min

But these are some of the real faces of the kamikaze that line the walls of the Kanoya Air Base museum and the Chiran Peace Museum, both located on Japan’s Kyushu island. Three women look at photos of Japanese kamikaze pilots, who gave their lives in WWII suicide attacks against US forces, hanging on a wall at the Chiran Peace Museum. A re-creation of a bunker where kamikaze pilots spent their last night before their missions on the grounds of the Chiran Peace Museum. Brad Lendon/CNNAlso among the pictures on the walls of the Chiran museum is one of an American, Capt. Kenta Torihama, great-grandson of Tome Torihama, a confidant of the kamikaze pilots, outside his restaurant near the Chiran Peace Museum.

Persons: It’s, David Guttenfelder, Yasuo Tanaka, Torao Kato, “, –, Yoshio Itsui, Itsui, ” Itsui, ‘, ”, Brad Lendon, Masaji, ” Takano, Adm, Takijiro, General Yoshisugu Saito, Shigeaki, Tome Torihama, Kenta Torihama, it’s, Saigo Takamori, Saigo Organizations: Japan CNN, Kanoya Air Base, Self, Defense Force, Young Boy Pilots, CNN, US Army, Pacific, Visitors, Kanoya, Base, US Navy, Heritage Command, US Defense Department, Atomic Heritage Foundation Locations: Kagoshima, Japan, Kyushu, Chiran, Hawaii, Europe, Okinawa, Imperial, East, Southeast Asia, Saipan, American, Taiwan, Philippines, Kagoshima prefecture, Kagoshima city, Fukuoka

☆ What happened when the Trinity test bomb detonated, from the creation of green glass to fallout that drifted over 1,000 miles
▼ + stars: | 2023-08-01 | by ( Jenny Mcgrath | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +14 min

Scientists set off the Trinity test atomic bomb on July 16, 1945. Base camp (9.5 miles away): Through his dark glass, Fermi had the impression the desert was suddenly brighter than day. Chupadera Mesa (30 miles away): Fallout rained on cattle near Chupadera Mesa, giving them serious beta burns, which appear similar to a sunburn. Over 1,000 miles away: In August 1945, Kodak customers complained that their X-ray film, sensitive to radiation, was ruined. The Trinity test fallout had reached the Midwest.

Persons: Trinity, McAllister Hull, Hans Courant, Enrico Fermi, Oppenheimer, Bruce Cameron Reed, Val Fitch, Warren Nyer, General Thomas F, Farrell, Fermi, Rabi, Campañia, Edward Teller, William Spindel, Hans Bethe, Leslie Groves's, Janet Farrell Brodie's, Lilli Hornig, Norris Bradbury, Fitch, Spindel, Hornig, Brodie, Schmidt, McDonald, Reed, sheepherder Jack Denton, Los Alamos Louis Henry Hempelmann, James L, Nolan Jr, Jennet Connet, Bingham, Chupadera, Nolan, Ruidoso, Henry Herrera, Sébastien Philippe, Susan Alzner, Gilbert P, Compo, Mason Grimshaw, Megan Smith, Julian Webb Organizations: Trinity, Service, Manhattan, National Security Research, Geographic, Atomic Energy, Hans, Atomic Heritage Foundation, Base, Manhattan Project, SED, Alamogordo Air Base, Alamos, McDonald, House, Fitch, Silver City, New York Times, Los Alamos, Centers for Disease Control, Princeton University, Consortium, Kodak, Princeton Locations: Wall, Silicon, New Mexico, Sandia, Amarillo , Texas, Albuquerque, Fitch, Los, Bingham, Chupadera Mesa, Nevada, Indiana, Canada, Mexico

☆ The FBI surveilled J. Robert Oppenheimer for months on one man's suggestion. During the surveillance, interviewees alleged he was feeding nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union.
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-29 | by ( Sebastian Cahill | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +4 min

The FBI watched J. Robert Oppenheimer for months after he helped make the WWII-ending atomic bomb. Reports from the FBI show Oppenheimer was accused of Communism and spreading information to Russia. During the investigation, though, Pitzer said he had new doubts about Oppenheimer's loyalty to the country, due to his initial reservations about the development of the H-bomb. The Atomic Heritage Foundation does consider Oppenheimer likely to have held communist sympathies, but maintains that information in the report was exaggerated. At the end of the inquest, Oppenheimer's top-level security clearances were revoked, a devastating blow to the scientist.

Persons: Robert Oppenheimer, Oppenheimer, J, Christopher Nolan's, Edgar Hoover, Lewis Strauss, Hoover, Strauss, Kenneth Pitzer, Pitzer, Ward Evans, Jean Tatlock, Bernard Peters, Oppenheimer's, Jennifer Granholm, Granholm, AHF Organizations: FBI, Congress, Service, US Atomic Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, UC, Loyola University , Chicago, Atomic Energy, German Communist Party, Atomic Heritage Foundation, USA, US, Department of Energy, DOE Locations: Russia, Wall, Silicon, Soviet Union, UC Berkeley's

☆ How bricks, a screwdriver, and a 'demon core' of radioactive material killed 2 Manhattan Project scientists
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-29 | by ( Grace Eliza Goodwin | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +7 min

Experiments on a so-called "demon core" of plutonium caused the deaths of two Manhattan Project physicists. The recreation of the experiment involving the plutonium "demon core" that killed Harry Daghlian. In seconds, the "demon core" of plutonium core had bathed him in a lethal dose of radiation. He again attempted to experiment on the demon core, sliding the screwdriver between the metal halves. The two deadly incidents earned the plutonium core the nickname "the demon core."

Persons: J, Robert Oppenheimer, Harry Daghlian, Louis Slotin —, Daghlian —, Daghlian, Louis Slotin, Slotin, Johns Hopkins, Enrico Fermi, Alvin Graves, Graves Organizations: Manhattan, Manhattan Project, Service, Los, Atomic Heritage Foundation, MIT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United Energy Workers Healthcare, Louis Slotin . Los Alamos, BBC, Applied Physics Laboratory, Alamos National Laboratory, New Locations: Wall, Silicon, Los Alamos, New Mexico, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Los Alamos , New Mexico, Los, Canadian, Louis Slotin . Los, Alamos

☆ Fact Check-Surviving cameras do not prove nuclear tests are ‘fake’
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-28 | by ( Reuters Fact Check | ) www.reuters.com time to read: +4 min

Cameras used to film nuclear tests were placed far enough away from the test site or designed to withstand the blast and radiation. However, photography of nuclear tests has been well documented since 1945, with safeguards such as camera distance and special design features to withstand explosions. Footage by the Federal Civil Defense Administration of 1950s nuclear tests is viewable (here). The world’s first nuclear test was conducted by the United States in 1945, known as the Trinity test. It is well documented that cameras or film can survive nuclear tests and is not proof that footage of the tests is fake.

Persons: “, Joe Rogan, Alan Carr, ” Carr, Peter Kuran, ”, Carr, Kuran, Annie, Read Organizations: United, YouTube, Federal Civil Defense Administration, CNN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Trinity, Atomic Heritage Foundation, White, Missile, Museum, Teapot, Defense Technical, Operation Teapot, Reuters Locations: United States

☆ The beauty and terror of Oppenheimer's first-ever nuclear test explosion, in the words of those who witnessed it
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-25 | by ( Tom Porter | Mia Jankowicz | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +7 min

On July 16, 1945, at 5:29 a.m., the world's first nuclear weapon test was conducted in New Mexico. A photo made by a US Army automatic newsreel camera showing the test explosion of the world's first atomic bomb. An aerial view of the aftermath of the explosion at Trinity Test Site, New Mexico, July 16, 1945. The massive explosion of Oppenheimer's Trinity test was first explained away as an ammo dump explosion. Asked to describe his reaction to seeing the explosion, Oppenheimer quoted a verse from the Bhagavad Gita, a Hindu devotional text.

Persons: J, Robert Oppenheimer, Robert Oppenheimer —, Christopher Nolan's, —, Arthur Compton, Compton, Oppenheimer, Nolan, It's, Elsie McMillan, Edwin McMillan, Gadget, John Donne, Eddie Adams, Sam Allison, Marvin Wilkening, Brig, Thomas F, Farrell, William Spindel, I'm, Roger Rasmussen, Trinity Organizations: Manhattan Project, Service, Scientific, Manhattan, Hollywood, Atomic Heritage Foundation, Trinity, Institute for, Study, AP, US Army, Clovis, National Security Research Locations: New Mexico, Wall, Silicon, Socorro , New Mexico, Princeton , New Jersey, Gen

☆ The Black scientists behind the Manhattan Project, the atomic bomb program that inspired the movie 'Oppenheimer'
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-19 | by ( Yoonji Han | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +6 min

There were at least 19 Black scientists and technicians who worked on the Manhattan Project. In the labs, there were at least 19 Black scientists and technicians among the 400 or so scientists employed by the project. The project was unique for bringing together "colored and white, Christian and Jew" for a common cause, Arthur Compton, the Manhattan Project director in Chicago, said. The Manhattan Project did create opportunities for Black Americans' advancements, but many Black workers grappled with Jim Crow segregation. Many Black scientists involved in the Manhattan Project went on to build careers that advanced technology and expanded opportunities for other Black scientists.

Persons: Jim Crow, Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Arthur Compton, —, Franklin D, Roosevelt, William Jacob Knox , Jr, Knox, Jesse Ernest Wilkins, Wilkins, Jasper Jeffries, Carolyn Parker, Samuel Proctor Massie, Moddie Daniel Taylor, Jeffries —, Szilard, Truman, Du Bois, Langston Hughes Organizations: Manhattan, Americans, Service, Manhattan Project, Black Americans, Black, Bilderwelt, Chicago Defender, Atomic Heritage Foundation Black, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, University of Chicago's, University of Chicago, Met Lab, Atomic Heritage Foundation, MIT Locations: Wall, Silicon, Germany, New York City, Chicago, Government, Hanford, Manhattan, Negros, Japan, Hiroshima

☆ J. Robert Oppenheimer stifled a petition by 70 scientists beseeching President Truman not to use the atomic bomb. Read it here.
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-15 | by ( Jenny Mcgrath | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +7 min

In August 1945, the US used atomic bombs on Japan, killing over 100,000 people. Truman didn't actually see the petition before he ordered the bombs to drop, according to the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Read the full petition from the Manhattan Project scientists and their names (provided by Szilard biographer Gene Dannen) below. The liberation of the atomic power which has been achieved places atomic bombs in the hands of the Army. All the resources of the United States, moral and material, may have to be mobilized to prevent the advent of such a world situation.

Persons: Weeks, Harry Truman, Leo Szilard, Szilard, Edward Teller, J, Robert Oppenheimer, Teller, Oppenheimer, Truman didn't, Adolf Hitler's, Hitler, Emilio Segrè, Gene Dannen, Truman, United States — Organizations: Manhattan Project, Service, National Archives Museum, Chicago Met Lab, Manhattan, Los Alamos Laboratory, Atomic Heritage Foundation, OF, UNITED STATES, Army, United States Locations: Japan, Wall, Silicon, United States, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Los Alamos , New Mexico, Los Alamos, Los, Alamos, Manhattan, Germany

☆ Albert Einstein wrote to the US pleading with the government to build an atomic bomb 80 years ago. Here's what he said.
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-04 | by ( Sinéad Baker | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +6 min

Albert Einstein was famously a pacifist, but he urged the US to develop the atomic bomb. Szilard and two other Hungarian physicists, Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, who were both refugees, told Einstein of their grave concerns. Einstein and Leo Szilard reenacting the signing of their letter to Roosevelt warning that Germany may be building an atomic bomb. Einstein later said, "Had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have done nothing for the bomb." UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill meets with Roosevelt in the meeting where they finalized plans for an atomic bomb.

Persons: Albert Einstein, —, Franklin D, Roosevelt, Einstein, Alexander Sachs, Alex, Sachs, Leo Szilard, Szilard, Edward Teller, Eugene Wigner, Leo Szilard reenacting, Cynthia Kelly, Winston Churchill, Warren Buffett Organizations: Manhattan, Service, Atomic Heritage Foundation, New York Times, Jewish, Getty, Geographic, Uranium, Manhattan Project, AP, Gamma, Columbia University Locations: Japan, Nazi Germany, Germany, Hungarian, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, AP Nazi Germany, Keystone, France, United States

☆ The US military set off its largest nuclear explosion in testing 69 years ago, but scientists had no idea the blast would be that big
▼ + stars: | 2023-03-01 | by ( Jake Epstein | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +7 min

Dozens of nuclear tests were carried out by the US in the Pacific between 1946 and 1958. The largest of these was the detonation of the Castle Bravo device on March 1, 1954. It was 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb that leveled Hiroshima during World War II. Castle Bravo was a real 'eyeopener'Despite the devastation caused by Castle Bravo, the US military continued to conducting nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific. The US, UK, and Soviet Union signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963, which barred nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater.

☆ The 10 most bizarre weapons of World War II
▼ + stars: | 2015-07-22 | by ( Alex Lockie | Lloyd Lee | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +12 min

World War II brought many successful innovations in technology including weapons. From explosive rats to a 155-foot-long gun, here are some of the most bizarre weapons from WWII. During World War II, the world's major powers set their sights on advancing technology, medicine, and communications in order to be efficient and fearsome in battle. PanjandrumThe Panjandrum, a rocket-propelled explosive cart, was one of the more curious weapons to have come out of World War II. Explosive ratsDogs were not the only unfortunate animal victims of experimental war weapons.

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