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Burps are the top source of methane emissions from cattle. The company this spring began marketing semen with the methane trait in 80 countries. Selecting for the low methane trait could lock in lower and lower emissions for successive generations, she said. Semex is not initially charging extra for the methane trait, said Michael Lohuis, Semex's vice-president of research and innovation. Juha Nousiainen, senior vice-president at Valio, a Finnish dairy, warned that breeding cattle to burp less methane could create digestive problems.

Persons: Nathan Frandino, Loewith's, Loewith, Drew Sloan, Frank Mitloehner, University of California Davis, Mitloehner, Lactanet, Christine Baes, Baes, Michael Lohuis, Burger, Lohuis, Juha Nousiainen, Rod Nickel, Caroline Stauffer, Suzanne Goldenberg Organizations: Johann, REUTERS, University of California, University of Guelph, University of Alberta, biosciences, Canadian, Ottawa, Nestle, Burger King, Restaurant Brands, Thomson Locations: Fresno , California, U.S, WINNIPEG , Manitoba, Lynden , Ontario, Semex, Britain, US, Slovakia, United States, New Zealand, Valio, Winnipeg , Manitoba

☆ Lung transplant successful in two people with organs on wrong side of their bodies
▼ + stars: | 2023-08-07 | by ( Sandee Lamotte | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +6 min

Deer was added to the lung transplant list, but he faced an additional hurdle. Courtesy Northwestern MedicineThe genetic condition, called situs inversus, affects about 1 in every 10,000 people, according to the Cleveland Clinic. But having yet another rare condition that ends up causing enough lung damage that someone would need a lung transplant is even rarer,” Bharat said. Complicated surgeryLike Deer, Vega was put on the lung transplant waiting list, and like Deer, needed individualized treatment. Laura Brown/Courtesy Northwestern MedicineJust reattaching blood vessels created in utero for a left lung to openings on a “normal” right lung, for example, was especially difficult.

Persons: Dennis, Deer, ”, Ankit Bharat, Bharat, Yahaira Vega, situs, ” Bharat, Vega, “, Laura Brown, Vega —, Norvell Tolbert, ‘, ’, ” Deer, Gesturing Organizations: CNN, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern, Cleveland Clinic, Northwestern Medicine Canning Thoracic Institute, “, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern Medicine Canning Thoracic, Memorial Hospital Locations: Cook, Illinois, Chicago, Elgin , Illinois

☆ Scientists induce virgin birth in fruit flies in monumental first
▼ + stars: | 2023-08-03 | by ( Jackie Wattles | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +6 min

CNN —In a historic first, scientists have used gene editing to induce virgin birth in fruit flies, a major step in unlocking the mysteries of the intriguing phenomenon known as parthenogenesis. The researchers used fruit flies because they’re considered “model organisms,” meaning the flies are among a list of organisms that scientists have long studied in depth to gain a better fundamental understanding of biology. Fruit flies’ short life spans of about 80 days have made it easy to observe changes throughout generations relatively quickly. And prior research into fruit flies is so extensive it’s possible to order genetic mutations for some flies online. “There’s just so many tools,” Sperling said, “and the tools are easily, cheaply available to all researchers” when it comes to fruit flies.

Persons: Alexis Sperling, Sperling, ” Sperling, “, we’d, they’re, “ There’s, ”, aren’t, Dr, Warren Booth, Booth, ” Booth, parthenogenesis Organizations: CNN, UK’s University of Cambridge, Pesticides, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University Locations: United Kingdom

☆ Scientists say they have induced 'virgin births' in fruit flies for the first time by switching on the right genes
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-29 | by ( Marta Biino | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +3 min

A group of researchers was able to successfully engineer "virgin birth" in fruit flies. "I couldn't believe it," Sperling told the Washington Post. A backup for isolated femalesThe experiment was conducted on fruit flies because they are model organisms, or simple non-human species that are usually studied to better understand biology. "Fruit flies are incredibly special because they are basically the first model organism and have been studied for over 100 years," Sperling told the Post. Virgin births could help certain species and act as a "backup" for isolated females, according to The Guardian.

Persons: Alexis Sperling, Sperling, Hannah Maude, Nature Organizations: Service, Privacy, University of Cambridge, Washington Post, Imperial College London, Times, Guardian Locations: Wall, Silicon, parthenogenesis

☆ Scientists are racing to explore more of the ocean hoping to discover medical breakthroughs and address the climate crisis
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-28 | by ( Tasmin Lockwood | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +8 min

Two of the Basecamp Research team taking samples in Azores, Portugal. A Heritage Malta diver taking samples. The protocol omitted the high seas, which refers to parts of the seas that are not under territorial control of any specific country. This is particularly important as policy evolves with the ratification of the High Seas Treaty. Joseph MarlowThe treaty also puts into action an agreement to protect 30% of the high seas by 2030.

Persons: Basecamp, Emma Bolt, Rob Finn, Finn, Saif Ur, Rehman, Basecamp Research's Bolton, Joseph Marlow, Bolton Organizations: Service, Basecamp Research, Basecamp, Heritage, Heritage Malta, Heritage Malta Technology Locations: Azores, Portugal, Heritage Malta, Antarctica, silico, Nagoya

☆ Fact Check-No evidence that Amish kids have ‘zero’ cancer, diabetes and autism
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-27 | by ( Reuters Fact Check | ) www.reuters.com time to read: +5 min

However, a screenshot shared on Facebook shows the headline of an article on the Slay News website that reads: “Zero Amish Children Diagnosed with Cancer, Diabetes or Autism” (here). A similar post on X, formerly known as Twitter, cites an article published by the Leading Report website titled “New Study Finds Zero Amish Children Diagnosed with Cancer, Diabetes or Autism” (here). But outside such studies, Amish children might not be diagnosed as often. Reuters has previously addressed a false claim that the Amish community was unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic (here). Amish children do not have “zero” incidence of cancer, diabetes and autism.

Persons: “, ”, Dr, Douglas Vaughan, ” Vaughan, Vaughan, Read Organizations: Reuters, Facebook, Slay News, Cancer, Diabetes, Autism, U.S . Centers for Disease Control, Prevention, CDC, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Locations: United States, Europe, Ohio, Maryland, Indiana, Adams County

☆ Louise Levy, Who Was Studied for Her Very Long Life, Is Dead at 112
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-27 | by ( Richard Sandomir | More About Richard Sandomir | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +1 min

When she celebrated her birthday last year, she told The Rye Record, “I’m glad I can still speak and have my sense of humor, but I would caution you not to try and live to be 112!”She had been the oldest known living person in New York State, according to LongeviQuest, which maintains a database of supercentenarians, people who have lived into a 12th decade. Mrs. Levy was one of more than 700 people, all 95 or older, recruited since 1998 to participate in a study by the Institute for Aging Research at the Albert Einstein School of Medicine in the Bronx to learn the genetic reasons for their unusually long, healthy lives. “It’s not luck,” Dr. Nir Barzilai, an endocrinologist who directs the institute, said by phone. “They exceeded luck. The biggest answer is genetics.”Using the blood and plasma of the test group, all Ashkenazi Jews — a comparatively homogeneous population whose genetic variations are easier to spot — the institute’s Longevity Genes Project has discovered gene mutations that are believed to be responsible for slowing the impact of aging on people like Mrs. Levy and protecting them against high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease.

Persons: “ I’m, Levy, “ It’s, ” Dr, Nir Barzilai Organizations: Rye, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein School of Medicine Locations: New York State, Bronx

☆ Opinion | The Birds Are Singing, but Not for Me
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-22 | by ( David George Haskell | ) www.nytimes.com time to read: +2 min

Graphs from my audiologist show hearing loss across all sound frequencies, but especially for high sounds, so I was expecting this moment. Yet my hearing loss is now worse than most of my cohort of friends in their mid-50s, a quirk of my genes. The hair cells in our ears are descendants of the wiggly cilia hairs that animate single-celled creatures swimming around in ponds and ocean water. Sudden shocks like gun blasts kill inner-ear hair cells. Instead, aging undermines hair cells.

Persons: I’ve, I’m Organizations: National Institutes of Health

☆ Orca moms fiercely protect their sons from bullying and fights — but not their daughters, study suggests
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-21 | by ( Marianne Guenot | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +5 min

Older orca mothers may protect their sons from bullying well into adulthood. Orca males carry fewer bite marks if their moms are alive in their old age, a study found. Moms may step in if their sons are in troubleTooth rake marks left behind on a Southern resident killer whale. David Ellifrit, Center for Whale ResearchThis new research, from the Universities of Exeter and York in the UK and the Center for Whale Research in Washington, suggests moms could be going even further for their sons. By protecting their sons, older females may be increasing the pod's chance of passing on its genes, while expending fewer resources.

Persons: Charli Grimes, Michael Weiss, Grimes, David Ellifrit, Darren Croft Organizations: Service, University of Exeter, Southern, for Whale Research, Center, , Research, Exeter University, for, Universities of Exeter, Center for Whale Research Locations: Wall, Silicon, synchrony, Southern, York, Washington

☆ Why grandmother killer whales go through menopause
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-20 | by ( Katie Hunt | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +5 min

The head of a killer whale pod shares her knowledge of the best hunting spots and more than half the fish she catches with her family members. Female orcas help their sons navigate the complexities of orca social life and protect them from fights with other killer whales. The center has been studying this critically endangered group of killer whales, which now number around 75, since 1976. “Males have the opportunity to mate with multiple females, and they do this outside of their own social group. Only humans and five species of toothed whales are known to experience menopause, the new study noted.

Persons: —, ”, Charli Grimes, David Ellifrit, Grimes, “, ” Grimes, Katie Jones, doesn’t, … Organizations: CNN, Southern Resident, Center for Whale Research, Centre for Research, UK’s University of Exeter, UK's University of Exeter, for, for Whale Research Locations: Pacific Northwest, North America, Harbor , Washington

☆ Think You Never Got Covid-19? Thank Your Genes
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-19 | by ( Brianna Abbott | ) www.wsj.com time to read: 1 min

This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. For non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact Dow Jones Reprints at 1-800-843-0008 or visit www.djreprints.com. https://www.wsj.com/articles/think-you-never-got-covid-19-thank-your-genes-d61c7507

Persons: Dow Jones

☆ New studies shed light on how genes might shape a person’s experience with Covid-19
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-19 | by ( Brenda Goodman | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +7 min

New research is exploring another dimension to the puzzle of how people experience this infection: genes. Hollenbach says it’s the job of HLA molecules to present pieces of proteins to the immune system so they can be recognized if they’re ever encountered again. The researchers then took a closer look at this group to see if there were any similarities in the genes that coded for their HLA molecules, and there were. So folks with these HLA molecules likely already had some preexisting immunity against SARS-CoV2 and were able to clear the virus before it caused symptoms, Hollenbach said. Genes, Zeberg said, are likely only one part of reason why someone develops long Covid, and there are probably a slew of genes involved.

Persons: Covid, ”, Jill Hollenbach, Hollenbach, they’re, “, ” Hollenbach, they’d, it’s, Gene, Dr, Sanjay Gupta, Hugo Zeberg, Zeberg Organizations: CNN, University of California, San Francisco’s Weill, for Neurosciences, Karolinska Institute, Get CNN, CNN Health, Karolinska . Genes Locations: San, Stockholm, FOXP4

☆ Using AI to monitor orphaned elephants in Botswana could usher in the return of the woolly mammoth
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-19 | by ( Tom Page | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +7 min

The startup has entered a collaboration with Elephant Havens, a wildlife foundation based in the Okavango Delta that cares for orphaned elephants. The findings, the organizations hope, could provide a blueprint for releasing the elephants into the wild and mammoth hybrids to the tundra. A new system for elephant monitoringHuman-wildlife conflict is the leading cause of elephant orphans in Botswana, says Elephant Havens founder Debra Stevens. After five years in the enclosure, Elephant Havens will reintroduce these bonded herds into the wild, and monitor their progress for a decade. Biotech company Colossal wants to create a hybrid combining mammoth DNA with that of Asian elephants.

Persons: “, –, Elephant, We’ll, ”, Matt James, Debra Stevens, “ That’s, Stevens, revel, Havens, Steve Metzler, Dr, Wendy Kiso, James, Debra, ” James, Ben Lamm, ” Lamm, Lamm Organizations: CNN, Colossal Biosciences, Biotech company Colossal, Colossal Locations: Botswana, Africa, rewilding, America

☆ Missing genes in ‘mind-controlling’ worms pose an evolutionary puzzle
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-18 | by ( Mindy Weisberger | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +7 min

However, when the scientists compared their horsehair worm genomes with genomic information from other animals, something was missing, Cunha told CNN. Two live tangled freshwater horsehair worms, scientifically called Gordionus violaceus, were found in Germany. Mysteries remain about the worms’ movementsAs useful as cilia are, horsehair worms seem to be doing just fine without them, the scientists reported. To date, scientists have identified several hundred species of freshwater horsehair worms and five species of marine horsehair worms. Marine horsehair worms spend their entire lives in water, but freshwater species are only aquatic as adults.

Persons: —, australiensis, munidae, Tauana Cunha, Cunha, “, ”, “ It’s, Gonzalo Giribet, nematomorphs, Keiichi Kakui, Kakui, ” Kakui, Martin Sørensen, Ophiocordyceps, Bruno de Medeiros, California’s Organizations: CNN, Chicago’s Field, Harvard University, Hokkaido University, HBO, Field, Monument Locations: Germany, Japan, nematomorphs, California’s Muir

Instead, Gomez Cabrera has to juggle a part-time nannying job beside strenuous practices. Now, Santino runs girls’ soccer program La Nuestra in the Villa 31, where Gomez Cabrera has played for nearly a decade. Becoming a soccer star is a common dream for boys and girls alike where Pereira grew up. "How can we realize our dream to become top players if they don't give us a chance?" Oliveros works part-time as a girls' soccer instructor.

Persons: Carla Carniel, Camila Lujan Gomez Cabrera, Gomez Cabrera, Maradona, Pele, Monica Santino, Santino, Christiane Rozeira, Gabrielle Cardoso, Paola Genes, it's, Genes, Nicole Pereira, Pereira, Laurina Oliveros, Oliveros, Lucila Sigal, Anna, Catherine Brigida, Daniela Desantis, Lucinda Elliott, Leandro Benassatto, Sebastian Rocandio, Christian Radnedge Organizations: REUTERS, Buenos Aires's Villa, Villa, Belgrano, SOUTH, Olimpia, National Cancer, Rocinha Soccer, Argentina women's, Argentina's Boca Juniors, Thomson Locations: Sao Paulo, Brazil, Carla Carniel BUENOS AIRES, Buenos, South America's, Buenos Aires, Nuestra, South America, Paraguay, Rio de Janeiro, United States, Argentina, Uruguay

☆ Alzheimer's diagnosis revamp embraces rating scale similar to cancer
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-16 | by ( Julie Steenhuysen | ) www.reuters.com time to read: +4 min

July 16 (Reuters) - Alzheimer's disease experts are revamping the way doctors diagnose patients with the progressive brain disorder - the most common type of dementia - adopting a seven-point rating scale based on cognitive and biological changes in the patient. "Stage 1a is really the beginning of evidence that someone has the disease," Jack said. The new scale also includes a Stage 0 for people who carry genes that guarantee they will develop Alzheimer's. Noting the new system's similarity to cancer stages, Jack said, "There's no such thing as mild breast cancer. Jack also noted that many other conditions can cause dementia but not all dementia is Alzheimer's disease.

Persons: Clifford Jack, Eli Lilly's, Maria Carrillo, Jack, Julie Steenhuysen, Will Dunham Organizations: Alzheimer's Association, Mayo Clinic, National Institute of Aging, government's National Institutes of Health, Drug Administration, FDA, Down, Thomson Locations: Amsterdam, Rochester , Minnesota, Chicago

☆ A massive new genetic database of canine tumors reveals that dog and human cancers are more similar than previously thought and may speed up cancer treatment for both
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-14 | by ( Maiya Focht | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +4 min

A new study shows human and dog cancers share a high degree of genetic overlap. The study comes from a company that uses genetic information and AI to find biologic cancer treatments. A massive new database of genetic information from dog tumors aims to use what we know about dog cancer to better treat it in humans. She wants to use AI to analyze the database's genetic information to match a dog's tumor to the type of treatment that's most effective. Using FidoCure, they selected dogs with a type of cancer that genetically mirrored human breast cancer.

Persons: Christina Lopes, Lopes, Gene, Eribulin, Eisai, Gerald Post Organizations: Service, National Cancer Institute, University of Georgia, FDA, Reuters, Eisai, NIH, FidoCure Locations: Wall, Silicon

☆ Scientists discover gay behaviors are not only common in male monkeys, but may give them an evolutionary edge
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-11 | by ( Maiya Focht | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +3 min

Scientists found that male rhesus monkeys have sex more frequently with other males than females. This behavior could provide the monkeys with an evolutionary edge over heterosexual counterparts. The researchers reported 72% of the 236 male monkeys either mounted, or were mounted, by other males, whereas only 46% participated in heterosexual sex. Moreover, these male monkeys weren't strictly homosexual. Gay sex in male monkeys is partially heritableBy using genetic tests and family trees, they found that same sex behavior was 6.4% heritable.

Persons: China Istvan Kadar, weren't, Vincent Savolainen, Savolainen Organizations: Service, Imperial College of London, New Locations: Wall, Silicon, Puerto Rico, China

☆ Scientists warn against the 'poor scientific practices' of assuming all ancient societies were male-led after an 'ivory man' is found to be an 'ivory woman'
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-10 | by ( Hannah Getahun | ) www.businessinsider.com time to read: +3 min

Researchers in Spain discovered the remains of a nobleman were that of a woman. Scientists hope this will challenge preconceived notions about women's roles in ancient societies. A team of researchers from the University of Seville used a new method of analyzing the sex of ancient remains. This was "at a time where no male attained a remotely comparable social position," the study notes. The scientists hoped their discovery would encourage other researchers to reevaluate preconceived notions about women's roles in ancient societies.

Persons: Miguel Ángel Blanco, Ivory Lady, Leonardo García Sanjuán, García Sanjuán, wasn't Organizations: Service, ATLAS, University of Seville, AP, Ivory Locations: Spain, Wall, Silicon, Valencina, Western

☆ Spider mite males ‘undress’ their partners to mate ASAP
▼ + stars: | 2023-07-09 | by ( Kate Golembiewski | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +5 min

Spider mites are tiny arachnids, distant cousins of spiders, smaller than the tip of a standard ballpoint pen. Living together in dense colonies can make for fierce competition in finding a mate, especially because female spider mites only use the sperm from the first male with which they mate. Males will guard females that are nearly mature, so that as soon as the females are set to mate, the males will be ready. While farmers and gardeners often revile spider mites as plant-eating pests, many biologists use them as model organisms. “I hope they are fascinated about what type of sophisticated behaviors have evolved, even in such tiny animals as spider mites,” he said.

Persons: Dr, Peter Schausberger, ”, Schausberger, —, doesn’t, ” Schausberger, Tomasz Klejdysz, Yukie Sato, ” Sato, There’s, that’s, Rebecca Schmidt, Kate Golembiewski Organizations: CNN, University of Vienna, University of Tsukuba, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Locations: Japan, Chicago

☆ Health-conscious millennials, Gen Zers are making cottage cheese cool again—but is it really that good for you?
▼ + stars: | 2023-06-30 | by ( Renée Onque | ) www.cnbc.com time to read: +4 min

That number has since fallen to 1.9 pounds of cottage cheese per person in one year in 2021, USDA data shows. But is cottage cheese— or any cheese for that matter— actually good for you? Compared to other cheeses, including American cheese, cottage cheese is a much healthier option because it's less processed, says Shanahan. "Cottage cheese is healthier than American cheese because it's fermented and has some live bacteria in there [like] yogurt has," she says. "I'm not confident to suggest cottage cheese would be significantly different than other types of cheese," Sun tells CNBC Make It.

Persons: Zers, Cate Shanahan, Shanahan, Qi Sun, I'm, Sun, wouldn't Organizations: NPR, U.S . Department of Agriculture, Shanahan, CNBC, Harvard, of Public Health Locations: TikTok, cheddar, Chan

☆ US FDA approves BioMarin's gene therapy for hemophilia A
▼ + stars: | 2023-06-29 | by ( Nathan Gomes | ) www.reuters.com time to read: +3 min

It priced the one-time therapy, Roctavian, at $2.9 million. BioMarin said most study participants continued to respond to the gene therapy through year three and beyond, and it would continue to monitor them for 15 years. BioMarin's therapy will compete for market share with Roche's (ROG.S) Hemlibra, an antibody drug which mimics the function of the blood clotting protein missing in hemophilia A patients. In April, BioMarin cut its annual sales forecast range for Roctavian to $50 million to $100 million, from $100 million to $200 million. There are about 16,000 patients in the United States with hemophilia A in which they are missing the factor VIII clotting protein.

Persons: BioMarin, Joel Beatty, Robert W Baird, Roctavian, Beatty, Khushi Mandowara, Bhanvi Satija, Nathan Gomes, Akash Sriram, Deena Beasley, Krishna Chandra Eluri, Maju Samuel, David Gregorio Our Organizations: U.S . Food, Drug Administration, European Union, Los, Thomson Locations: U.S, California, Novato , California, hemophilia, United States, Bengaluru, Los Angeles

☆ Scientists isolate human gene able to fend off most bird flu viruses
▼ + stars: | 2023-06-28 | by ( Natalie Grover | ) www.reuters.com time to read: +2 min

LONDON, June 28 (Reuters) - UK researchers have homed in on a human gene implicated in thwarting most bird flu viruses from infecting people. Nicknamed B-force by the researchers, the gene was found to block the replication of most strains of bird flu in human cells. However, the gene's antiviral activity failed to protect against seasonal human flu viruses. This gene is part of a broader defensive apparatus in the human immune arsenal against bird viruses. To be sure, viruses mutate all the time, and this does not mean that bird flu viruses could not evolve to escape the activity of BTN3A3.

Persons: Massimo Palmarini, ”, Sam Wilson, Natalie Grover, Nancy Lapid, Christina Fincher Organizations: MRC, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, World Health Organization, WHO, Thomson Locations: London

☆ Is cortisol sabotaging your weight loss efforts? Experts sound off
▼ + stars: | 2023-06-23 | by ( Madeline Holcombe | ) edition.cnn.com time to read: +7 min

CNN —You might believe cortisol is the culprit sabotaging your fitness and weight loss efforts if you’re getting your guidance from social media. And if you could just get your cortisol levels to where they need to be, everything else will fall into place — right? There are lab tests to determine if cortisol levels are where they should be, but they are usually only given to people who have a condition affecting cortisol levels, Vincent said. But some daily activities can also affect our cortisol levels. And if someone is looking to incorporate more exercise, the best workouts are the ones that keep them going, Hodges said.

Persons: you’re, Britni Vincent, Charlotte Hodges, ” Hodges, Vincent said, Vincent, ” Vincent, Hodges, “, that’s, ”, Raj Dasgupta Organizations: CNN, White Rock Medical, Mayo Clinic, University of Southern California’s Keck School of Medicine, CNN’s Locations: St, Paul , Minnesota, Dallas

☆ Study reveals how immune system of astronauts breaks down
▼ + stars: | 2023-06-22 | by ( Will Dunham | ) www.reuters.com time to read: +4 min

[1/3] The International Space Station (ISS) is photographed by Expedition 66 crew member Roscosmos cosmonaut Pyotr Dubrov from the Soyuz MS-19 spacecraft, in this image released April 20, 2022. "A weaker immunity increases the risk of infectious diseases limiting astronauts' ability to perform their very demanding work in space. Gene expression in 247 genes in leukocytes was at about one third the normal levels while in space, the study found. Before this paper, we knew of immune dysfunction but not of the mechanisms," said study co-author Guy Trudel, an Ottawa Hospital rehabilitation medicine specialist. Discovering altered gene behavior in leukocytes is "a significant step toward understanding human immune dysregulation in space," Trudel added.

Persons: Pyotr Dubrov, Odette Laneuville, Guy Trudel, Trudel, Epstein, Barr, Will Dunham, Rosalba O'Brien Organizations: Space, Expedition, Soyuz, REUTERS, WASHINGTON, University of Ottawa, Canadian Space Agency, NASA, Ottawa Hospital, Thomson Locations: Handout, Canada, Ottawa

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