What they found, though, was that in several languages, swear words are missing the l, r, w and y sounds.
The only discernible pattern they could find among the swear words were the missing sounds throughout: the approximants l, r, w and y.
(The researchers made up many of the words for this part of the study, based on existing words in different languages.)
The participants were “significantly less likely” to select the words with approximants when asked to identify swear words, McKay and Lev-Ari wrote.
Those almost-but-not-quite-curses are called “minced oaths,” words that sound similar to, but still notably different from, swear words.