Cfoto | Future Publishing | Getty ImagesEurope's top car giants appear to be increasingly concerned about the prospect of massive fines, particularly as electric vehicle demand falters ahead of the next tightening of carbon regulations. "The fines are massive actually. "Manufacturers are pretty much focused on conventional hybrids and ICE vehicles because they are much more profitable," ING's Luman said. Pooling refers to the process in which car manufacturers team up to be considered as one entity when calculating their performance against a CO2 emissions target. Not everyone is convinced that the sales challenge that Europe's car industry faces constitutes an industry-wide crisis.

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Persons: Rico Luman, Europe's carmakers, Luman, Luca de Meo, ACEA, Tim McPhie, McPhie, ING's Luman, Sean Gallup, Xavier Demeulenaere, Demeulenaere, Brandon Bell Organizations: Volkswagen, ING, CNBC, videoconference, Renault, EV, Reuters, European Automobile Manufacturers ' Association, BMW, Ferrari, Volvo, European Commission, Ford, Benz Group, Manufacturers, Getty, P Global Mobility, Transport, Environment, Hill Locations: Anhui, Hefei, China, Europe, ACEA, Weissenfels, Germany, Austin , Texas