PINE RIDGE, S.D.—On a recent night, Officer Jason Lone Hill got a call from dispatch as he steered his patrol car through neighborhoods on the sprawling Pine Ridge Indian Reservation marked by boarded-up houses, junked cars and roaming dogs. A prisoner had ditched a correctional officer at the emergency room of the local hospital, sending Officer Lone Hill on a race to search parking lots and nearby streets. Then, two more calls came in rapid succession: someone was having a stroke about 20 miles away and an intoxicated man was threatening a pregnant woman.

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