BAB AL-HAWA, Syria—Three-month-old Mohammed Ghiath Rajab, who suffered a serious head injury during last Monday’s earthquakes, lay unconscious in an incubator in an overflowing ICU. He was breathing with the help of a mechanical ventilator, a surgical drainage tube protruding from his skull. Around him, in a hospital run by an American nonprofit, dozens of other children, bloodied and bandaged, were being treated over the weekend, part of a flood of casualties from the devastating double quakes that struck the border region between Turkey and Syria.

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